車

See also: 车, 倝, and 重
車 U+8ECA, 車
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8ECA
← 軉
[U+8EC9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 軋 →
[U+8ECB]
⾞ U+2F9E, ⾞
KANGXI RADICAL CART
← ⾝
[U+2F9D] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾟ →
[U+2F9F]
車 U+F902, 車
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F902
← 更
[U+F901] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 賈 →
[U+F903]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

車 (Kangxi radical 159, 車+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十田十 (JWJ), four-corner 50006, composition ⿻亘丨 or ⿻二申)

  1. Kangxi radical #159, ⾞.

Derived characters

References

Chinese
trad. 車
simp. 车*

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 車
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (車) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
車 *kʰlja, *kla
硨 *kʰlja
厙 *qʰljaːs
庫 *kʰaːs

Pictogram (象形) – originally a carriage seen from above. In the oracle bone script, there were large wheels on both sides and a sun shade on the top. Later, when Chinese characters were written vertically, the wheels on both sides were simply drawn in strokes and the loading area was marked with a 田 (OC *l'iːŋ). Therefore, it is important to understand that the current character, 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla) is a vertical depiction of a carriage.

Note that 倝 (OC *kaːns) and 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew) are not derived from 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla).

Etymology

Perhaps a loan from an Indo-European language because horse and chariot were introduced into China around 1200 BC from Inner Asia; compare Tocharian A kukäl, Tocharian B kokale (“wagon; cart”) (Mair, 1990; Bauer, 1994). An older variant survives in Mandarin 軲轆／轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) (Bauer, 1994). Alternatively, the word is a derivation by k-prefix from 舁 (OC *la, “to lift”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); compare the semantic parallel in Tibetan ཐེག་པ (theg pa, “vehicle; carriage”) (<to support; to carry; to lift).

Pronunciations 1 and 2 are cognate. A similar phonological doublet is 處 (OC *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) and 居 (OC *kas) (Schuessler, 2007). Pronunciation 2 is traditionally regarded as the older pronunciation.

The sense of lewd content is derived from 老司機／老司机 (lǎosījī).

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • ce1 - colloquial (incl. surname);
  • geoi1 - literary.
Rime
Character 車
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 昌 (24)
Final (韻) 麻 (100)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 尺遮切
Baxter tsyhae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /t͡ɕʰia/
Pan
Wuyun		 /t͡ɕʰia/
Shao
Rongfen		 /t͡ɕʰia/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /cʰia/
Li
Rong		 /t͡ɕʰia/
Wang
Li		 /t͡ɕʰĭa/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /t͡ɕʰi̯a/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 chē
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 ce1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 車
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 chē
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ tsyhæ ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[t.qʰ](r)A/
English chariot

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 車
Reading # 1/2
No. 1311
Phonetic
component		 車
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 車
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰlja/

Definitions
人力三輪車

車

  1. (countable) land vehicle; (specifically) car (Classifier: 輛／辆 m; 部 m c; 臺／台 m mn; 架 c; 頂／顶 mn; 張／张 mn-t)
    汽車／汽车  ―  qìchē  ―  car
    火車／火车  ―  huǒchē  ―  train
    街上一輛車都沒有。 [MSC, trad.]
    街上一辆车都没有。 [MSC, simp.]
    Jiē shàng yī liàng chē dōu méiyǒu. [Pinyin]
    There is not even one car on the street.
    去車行買新車 [Cantonese, trad.]
    去车行买新车 [Cantonese, simp.]
    heoi3 ce1 hong4-2 maai5 san1 ce1 [Jyutping]
    to buy a new car at a car dealership
  2. wheeled device, appliance, instrument or apparatus
    滑車／滑车  ―  huáchē  ―  pulley
    紡車／纺车  ―  fǎngchē  ―  spinning wheel
  3. machine; rig; engine; motor; locomotive; tractor; truck; lorry (Classifier: 部 m; 臺／台 m)
    試車／试车  ―  shìchē  ―  to test a new machine
  4. (Cantonese) driving (action of operating a vehicle); driving skills (Classifier: 手 c)
  5. to lathe
  6. to lift water using a 水車／水车 (“old-style machine that is human or animal-powered and lifts water”)
  7. (dialectal, including Cantonese, Wu, Northern Min, Southern Min, Liuzhou Mandarin) to transport using a vehicle
    你可唔可以車我去地鐵站呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你可唔可以车我去地铁站呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 ho2 m4 ho2 ji5 ce1 ngo5 heoi3 dei6 tit3 zaam6 aa3? [Jyutping]
    Can you drive me to the MTR station?
  8. to tailor or sew using a sewing machine
    車衫／车衫 [Cantonese]  ―  ce1 saam1 [Jyutping]  ―  to sew clothes with a sewing machine
  9. (Cantonese) to hit violently
    大巴大巴車落佢塊面度 [Cantonese, trad.]
    大巴大巴车落佢块面度 [Cantonese, simp.]
    daai6 baa1 daai6 baa1 ce1 lok6 keoi5 faai3 min6 dou6 [Jyutping]
    to hit his face with multiple violent slaps
  10. (dialectal) to turn (one's body, etc.)
  11. (Sichuanese) to rotate; to turn
  12. (Internet slang) pornography; lewd content
  13. Classifier for loads of things carried by a vehicle.
  14. a surname
Usage notes
  • 車／车 (chē) is a collective term for all types of vehicles with wheel(s). Additional morphemes are added in front to specify the type of the vehicle. For example:
    汽車／汽车  ―  qìchē  ―  car
    火車／火车  ―  huǒchē  ―  train
    自行車／自行车  ―  zìxíngchē  ―  bicycle
    嬰兒車／婴儿车  ―  yīng'érchē  ―  pram
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 汽車 (“car, motor vehicle”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 汽車
Mandarin Beijing 汽車
Taiwan 汽車
Xianxian (Xiaoying) 汽車
Jinan 汽車
Xi'an 汽車
Wuhan 汽車
Chengdu 汽車
Guilin 汽車
Pingle 汽車
Luzhai 汽車
Nanning (Wuming) 汽車
Binyang (Nanjie) 汽車
Yizhou 汽車
Luocheng (Dongmen) 汽車
Tianlin (Langping) 汽車
Yangzhou 汽車
Hefei 汽車
Malaysia 車
Singapore 汽車, 車
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 汽車, 馬什乃
Dagudi (Maliba) 汽車
Reshuitang (Longling) 汽車
Mae Salong (Lancang) 汽車
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 汽車
Cantonese Guangzhou 汽車, 車
Hong Kong 汽車, 車
Taishan 汽車
Yangjiang 汽車
Guiping (Jintian) 汽車
Guiping (Jiangkou) 汽車
Guiping (Madong) 汽車
Qinzhou 汽車
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 汽車
Beihai 汽車
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 汽車
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 汽車
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 汽車
Singapore (Guangfu) 車
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 汽車
Móng Cái 汽車
Gan Nanchang 汽車
Hakka Meixian 汽車
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 汽車, 自動車
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 汽車, 自動車
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 汽車, 自動車
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 汽車, 自動車
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 汽車, 自動車
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 汽車, 自動車
Kuching (Hepo) 車
Jin Taiyuan 汽車
Northern Min Jian'ou 汽車
Eastern Min Fuzhou 汽車
Southern Min Xiamen 汽車, 風車, 大車, 電車 dated
Xiamen (Tong'an) 風車
Quanzhou 汽車, 風車, 大車
Hui'an 風車
Zhangzhou 汽車, 大車, 電車 dated
Zhao'an 汽車, 風車
Taipei 自動車
New Taipei (Sanxia) 自動車
Kaohsiung 自動車, 動車
Yilan 自動車
Changhua (Lukang) 自動車
Taichung 汽車, 自動車
Tainan 自動車
Hsinchu 自動車
Kinmen 汽車
Penghu (Magong) 自動車, 汽車
Penang (Hokkien) 車
Singapore (Hokkien) 車, 風車
Manila (Hokkien) 車, 風車
Guilin (Biyange) 汽車
Chaozhou 汽車, 羅里
Shantou 羅里
Shantou (Chenghai) 羅里
Jieyang 羅里
Singapore (Teochew) 車, 風車
Pontianak (Teochew) 羅里
Singapore (Hainanese) 車
Puxian Min Xianyou 汽車
Central Min Yanping (Wangtai) 汽車
Southern Pinghua Binyang 汽車
Wu Shanghai 汽車, 大眼睛
Suzhou 汽車
Wenzhou 汽車
Xiang Changsha 汽車
Shuangfeng 汽車
  • (vehicle):
Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Note: gu1 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghai):
      • Wugniu: 1ciu
      • MiniDict: ciu平
      • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 1jy
      • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕy⁵³/
Rime
Character 車
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 魚 (22)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 九魚切
Baxter kjo
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kɨʌ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kiɔ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kiɔ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kɨə̆/
Li
Rong		 /kiɔ/
Wang
Li		 /kĭo/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ki̯wo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jū
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 geoi1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 車
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 jū
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kjo ›
Old
Chinese		 /*C.q(r)a/
English chariot

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 車
Reading # 2/2
No. 1315
Phonetic
component		 車
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 居
Old
Chinese		 /*kla/

Definitions
車

車

  1. (xiangqi) chariot; rook (Classifier: 隻／只 c)
  2. (chess) rook
Coordinate terms
Compounds

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (車):
  • → Japanese: 車(しゃ) (sha)
  • → Korean: 차(車) (cha), 거(車) (geo)
  • → Vietnamese: xa (車)

Others:

  • → Vietnamese: xe (車, “wheeled vehicle”)
  • → Zhuang: ci (“vehicle”)

See also
Chess pieces in Mandarin · 國際象棋棋子／国际象棋棋子 (guójì xiàngqí qízǐ) (layout · text)
♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
王 (wáng),
國王／国王 (guówáng)		 后 (hòu),
皇后 (huánghòu)		 車／车 (jū),
城堡 (chéngbǎo)		 象 (xiàng),
主教 (zhǔjiào)		 馬／马 (mǎ),
騎士／骑士 (qíshì)		 兵 (bīng)

References

Japanese

Kanji
車

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. vehicle

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
車
しゃ
Grade: 1
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 車 (MC tsyhae).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ɕa̠]

Counter

車(しゃ) • (-sha) 

  1. used to count vehicles

Affix

車(しゃ) • (sha) 

  1. vehicle
    韓(かん)国(こく)車(しゃ)
    Kankoku-sha
    South Korean vehicle
  2. train car
    Synonym: 車両
    女(じょ)性(せい)専(せん)用(よう)車(しゃ)
    josei-sen'yō-sha
    car for women only

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
車
くるま
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE, with the ideographic spelling 車.[1]

Assuming an initial meaning of wheel, may be a compound of くる (kuru, related to spinning or rotating, as in 繰る (kuru, “to spin (as in thread)”), 枢 (kuru, “hinge”), くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly, round and round”), 転めく (kurumeku, “to spin round and round, to rotate; to be dizzy”)) +‎ ま (ma, a suffix added to various parts of speech to form an indeclinable word indicating state).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) くるま [kùrúmá] (Heiban – [0])[2][3]
  • IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝɾɯ̟ᵝma̠]

Noun

車(くるま) • (kuruma)  (counter 台)

  1. a car, an automobile, a carriage, a cart
  2. a wheel, a caster
  3. something wheel-shaped
  4. a style of 紋 (mon, “family crest”)
  5. short for various terms:
    1. short for 車海老 (kuruma ebi): a prawn
    2. short for 車懸 (kuruma-gakari): “wheel formation”, a battle tactic where units attack in staged waves in order to prevent the opponent from resting
    3. short for 肩車 (kata-guruma): riding on one's shoulders, piggyback
    4. short for 手車 (te-guruma): a handcart, a wheelbarrow
    5. short for 車座 (kuruma za): sitting in a circle
  6. (obsolete) during the Edo period, in the red-light district in Ōsaka, a prostitute whose services cost four 匁 (monme) and three 分 (bun) (possibly in reference to the cost of a carriage ride)
Derived terms
Descendants

References
  1. c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, poem 694:
    , text here
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  • Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 車 (MC tsyhae).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448챵 (Yale: chyà)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527又音챠 (Yale: chyà)
Early Modern Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804수뤼 (surwi)챠 (cha)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource 車 (eumhun 수레 차 (sure cha))

  1. Hanja form? of 차 (“car; automobile; vehicle”).
  2. Hanja form? of 차 (“cart; wheeled machinery”).
Usage notes

This reading is used as a standalone word to mean "car."

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 車 (MC kjo).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448겅 (Yale: kè)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527술위〮 (Yale: swùlGwúy)거 (Yale: kè)
Early Modern Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804수뤼 (surwi)거 (geo)

Pronunciation

Hanja

車 (eumhun 수레 거 (sure geo))

  1. (only in compounds) Hanja form? of 거 (“cart; wheeled machinery”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Kunigami

Kanji
車

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /kˀuɾumaː/

Noun

車(く゚るまー) (kurumā) 

  1. car
  2. wheel

Miyako

Kanji
車

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /kuɾuma/

Noun

車(くるま) (kuruma) 

  1. car
  2. wheel

Okinawan

Kanji
車

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /kuɾuma/

Noun

車(くるま) (kuruma) 

  1. car
  2. wheel

Tày

Verb

車 (xa)

  1. Nôm form of xa (“to search, to look for”).
    役富貴古媒車拾
    Viểc phú quý cổ moi xa thắp
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

References
  • Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

Vietnamese

Han character

車: Hán Nôm readings: xa, xe, xế

  1. a car
  2. (xiangqi) any piece labeled with 車; the chariot/rook.

Compounds

Yaeyama

Kanji
車

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /kuɾuma/

Noun

車(くるま) (kuruma) 

  1. car
  2. wheel

Yonaguni

Kanji
車

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /kuɾuma/

Noun

車(くるま) (kuruma) 

  1. car
  2. wheel
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