酒

See also: 洒
酒 U+9152, 酒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9152
← 酑
[U+9151] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 酓 →
[U+9153]

Translingual
Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

酒 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水一金田 (EMCW), four-corner 31160, composition ⿰氵酉)

Derived characters

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1281, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39776
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1779, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3574, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+9152

Chinese
trad. 酒
simp. # 酒
2nd round simp. 氿

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (酉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
楢 *kʰjuʔ, *lu
逎 *ʔslu
遒 *sklu, *sɡlu
蝤 *sklu, *sɡlu
揂 *sklu
酒 *ʔsluʔ
媨 *sklus
鞧 *skʰlu
緧 *skʰlu
趥 *skʰlu, *skʰluŋs
酋 *sɡlu
崷 *sɡlu
鰌 *sɡlu
煪 *sɡlu
醜 *l̥ʰjuʔ
猶 *klus, *lu, *lus
猷 *lu
輶 *lu, *luʔ, *lus
偤 *lu
莤 *lu, *sruɡ
蕕 *lu
庮 *lu, *luʔ
槱 *luʔ, *lus
梄 *luʔ
丣 *luʔ
酉 *luʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 酉 (“an alcoholic drink vessel”) - the liquid associated with an alcoholic drink vessel - alcohol.

Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsluʔ) : semantic 水 (“water, liquid”) + phonetic 酉 (OC *luʔ).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *jəw (“liquor”) (STEDT). Cognate with 酉 (OC *luʔ, “wine; wine vessel”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 酒
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 子酉切
Baxter tsjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /t͡sɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /t͡siuX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /t͡siəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /t͡suwX/
Li
Rong		 /t͡siuX/
Wang
Li		 /t͡sĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /t͡si̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jiǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 zau2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 酒
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 jiǔ
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ tsjuwX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*tsuʔ/
English wine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 酒
Reading # 1/1
No. 15554
Phonetic
component		 酉
Rime
group		 幽
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 酒
Old
Chinese		 /*ʔsluʔ/

Definitions

酒

  1. alcoholic beverages in general; alcoholic drink
    你幹嗎不喝點酒？ [MSC, trad.]
    你干吗不喝点酒？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ gànmá bù hē diǎn jiǔ? [Pinyin]
    How come you don't wanna have a sip of alcohol?
  2. (Cantonese) banquet (Classifier: 圍／围 c)
  3. a surname

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 酒 (“alcoholic beverage; liquor”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 酒
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 酒
Mandarin Beijing 酒
Taiwan 酒
Tianjin 酒
Tangshan 酒
Cangzhou 酒
Baoding 酒
Shijiazhuang 酒
Chifeng 酒
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 酒
Harbin 酒
Shenyang 酒
Yantai (Muping) 酒
Qingdao 酒
Jinan 酒
Luoyang 酒
Wanrong 酒
Zhengzhou 酒
Xi'an 酒
Yinchuan 酒
Lanzhou 酒
Xining 酒
Ürümqi 酒
Wuhan 酒
Chengdu 酒, 尼姑尿 derogatory
Chongqing 酒
Guiyang 酒
Kunming 酒
Guilin 酒
Liuzhou 酒
Xuzhou 酒
Yangzhou 酒, 三六子
Nanjing 酒, 老酒
Hefei 酒
Nantong 酒
Malaysia 酒
Singapore 酒
Cantonese Guangzhou 酒, 燒酒, 傻仔水 humorous, 倒汗水 humorous
Hong Kong 酒
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 酒
Macau 酒
Guangzhou (Panyu) 酒
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 酒
Guangzhou (Conghua) 酒
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 酒
Foshan 酒
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 酒
Foshan (Shunde) 酒
Foshan (Sanshui) 酒
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 酒
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 酒
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 酒
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 酒
Zhuhai (Doumen) 酒
Jiangmen (Baisha) 酒
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 酒
Taishan 酒
Kaiping (Chikan) 酒
Enping (Niujiang) 酒
Heshan (Yayao) 酒
Dongguan 酒
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 酒
Yangjiang 燒酒, 燒有
Singapore (Guangfu) 酒
Gan Nanchang 酒
Lichuan 酒
Pingxiang 酒
Hakka Meixian 酒
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 酒, 傻仔水 humorous
Dongguan (Qingxi) 酒
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 酒
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 酒
Conghua (Lütian) 酒
Yudu 酒
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 酒
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 酒
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 酒
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 酒
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 酒
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 酒
Kuching (Hepo) 酒
Huizhou Jixi 酒
Shexian 酒
Jin Taiyuan 酒
Xinzhou 酒, 貓兒尿
Linhe 酒
Jining 酒
Hohhot 酒
Zhangjiakou 酒
Handan 酒
Northern Min Jian'ou 酒
Eastern Min Fuzhou 酒
Southern Min Xiamen 酒
Taipei 酒 GT, 燒酒 GT
Tainan 酒
Singapore (Hokkien) 酒
Manila (Hokkien) 酒
Chaozhou 酒
Leizhou 酒
Wenchang 酒
Haikou 酒
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 酒
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 酒, 三酉
Wu Shanghai 酒, 老酒
Shanghai (Chongming) 老酒
Suzhou 酒, 老酒
Danyang 老酒
Hangzhou 酒
Ningbo 老酒
Wenzhou 酒
Jinhua 酒, 三點水兒
Xiang Changsha 酒
Loudi 酒
Shuangfeng 酒
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (酒):
  • → Japanese: 酒(しゅ) (shu)
  • → Korean: 주(酒) (ju)
  • → Vietnamese: tửu (酒)

Others:

  • → Indonesian: ciu

References

Japanese

Kanji
酒

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
酒
さけ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

⟨sake2⟩ → /sakəɨ/ → /sake/

From Old Japanese 酒 (sake2),[1][2] from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *sake. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE, with the ideographic spelling 酒.[2] Additionally, appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE and the Man'yōshū of c. 759 CE.[1][2] This is the standalone form of saka- below.

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Might be cognate with 栄え (sakae), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 栄える (sakaeru, “to flourish”).[3][4]
  • Might be derived from 避ける (sakeru, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.[4]
  • Might be derived from or a corruption of 酒 (kushi, “rice wine, rice vodka, sake”); however, the phonological shifts required are completely unexplainable.[4]
  • The final -ke may be an apophonic form of Old Japanese 酒 (ki1).[4]

Pronunciation

Noun

酒(さけ) • (sake) 

  1. (impolite) any alcoholic beverage
  2. (especially) Synonym of 日本酒 (nihonshu): sake (Japanese rice wine)
  3. drinking, especially of alcoholic beverages
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • お酒(さけ) (o-sake, polite form)
  • 酒(さけ)粕(かす) (sakekasu)
  • 酒(さけ)臭(くさ)い (sakekusai)
  • 酒(さけ)好(ず)き (sakezuki)
  • 酒(さけ)店(てん) (saketen)
  • 酒(さけ)処(どころ) (sakedokoro)
  • 酒(さけ)飲(の)み (sakenomi)
  • 酒(さけ)太(ぶと)り (sakebutori)
  • 酒(さけ)焼(や)け (sakeyake)
  • 朝(あさ)酒(ざけ) (asazake)
  • 味(あじ)酒(ざけ) (ajizake)
  • 甘(あま)酒(ざけ) (amazake)
  • 大(おお)酒(ざけ) (ōzake)
  • 燗(かん)酒(ざけ) (kanzake)
  • 生(き)酒(ざけ) (kizake)
  • 聞(き)き酒(ざけ) (kikizake), 利(き)き酒(ざけ) (kikizake, “sake tasting”)
  • 薬(くすり)酒(ざけ) (kusurizake)
  • 地(じ)酒(ざけ) (jizake)
  • 白(しろ)酒(ざけ) (shirozake)
  • 卵(たまご)酒(ざけ) (tamagozake)
  • 樽(たる)酒(ざけ) (taruzake)
  • 茶(ちゃ)屋(や)酒(ざけ) (chaya-zake)
  • 濁(にご)り酒(ざけ) (nigorizake)
  • 寝(ね)酒(ざけ) (nezake)
  • 梯(はし)子(ご)酒(ざけ) (hashigo-zake)
  • 火(ひ)の酒(さけ) (hinosake)
  • 冷(ひ)や酒(ざけ) (hiyazake)
  • 深(ふか)酒(ざけ) (fukazake)
  • 振(ふる)舞(ま)い酒(ざけ) (furumaizake)
  • 迎(むか)え酒(ざけ) (mukaezake, “hair of the dog”)
  • やけ酒(ざけ) (yakezake)
  • 安(やす)酒(ざけ) (yasuzake)
  • 雪(ゆき)見(み)酒(ざけ) (yukimizake)
  • 悪(わる)酒(ざけ) (waruzake)
Idioms
  • 酒(さけ)を煮(に)る (sake o niru)
  • 酒(さけ)人(ひと)を吞(の)む (sake hito o nomu)
Proverbs
Proverbs
  • 酒(さけ)に別(べっ)腸(ちょう)あり (sake ni betchō ari)
  • 酒(さけ)の燗(かん)は人(ひと)肌(はだ) (sake no kan wa hitohada)
  • 酒(さけ)の酔(よ)い本(ほん)性(しょう)違(たが)わず (sake no yoi honshō tagawazu)
  • 酒(さけ)の酔(よ)い本(ほん)性(しょう)忘(わす)れず (sake no yoi honshō wasurezu)
  • 酒(さけ)は憂(うれ)いの玉(たま)箒(ばはき) (sake wa urei no tamabahaki)
  • 酒(さけ)は百(ひゃく)薬(やく)の長(ちょう) (sake wa hyakuyaku no chō)
Descendants
See also
See also

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
酒
さか
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese 酒 (saka).[1] Likely the original form of sake above. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [sa̠ka̠]

Noun

酒(さか) • (saka) 

  1. Combining form of 酒 (sake, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”)
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
酒
ささ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Originally a 女房詞 (nyōbō kotoba, literally “women's word”) term, possibly derived from reduplication of the first syllable sa from sake. Alternately, may be derived by metaphor from the Chinese-derived euphemism for sake, 竹葉 (chikuyō, literally “bamboo leaves”), as 笹 (sasa) refers to a type of short, leafy bamboo.[7][5]

Pronunciation

Noun

酒(ささ) • (sasa) 

  1. (archaic) any alcoholic beverage, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)
Derived terms

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
酒
しゅ
Grade: 3
goon

From Middle Chinese 酒 (MC tsjuwX).

Noun

酒(しゅ) • (shu) 

  1. an alcoholic drink, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)
Derived terms
Derived terms

Affix

酒(しゅ) • (shu) 

  1. alcoholic drink
Derived terms
Derived terms

References
  1. Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn, et al. (eds.) (2023) “Old Japanese sake/saka”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese‎
  2. “酒”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  3. “酒”, in 世界大百科事典 第２版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
  4. “酒／さけ”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.
  5. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  7. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 酒 (MC tsjuwX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448쥬ᇢ〯 (Yale: cyǔw)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527술 (Yale: swùl)쥬〮 (Yale: cyú)

Pronunciation
  • (alcoholic beverage; etc.):
  • (in 주정 (酒酊, jujeong)):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕu(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [주(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 酒 (eumhun 술 주 (sul ju))

  1. Hanja form? of 주 (“alcoholic beverage”). [affix]

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Okinawan

Kanji
酒

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
  • 古(くー)酒(す) (kūsu)

Etymology
Kanji in this term
酒
さき
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan *sake, from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with mainland Japanese 酒 (sake).

Pronunciation

Noun

酒(さき) (saki) 

  1. any alcoholic beverage (wine, whisky, sake, etc.)

Derived terms

References
  1. “さき【酒】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Old Japanese

Compounds

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *sakay. Standalone form of saka- below.

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Might be cognate with 榮𛀁 (sakaye), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 榮ゆ (sakayu, “to flourish”).
  • Might be derived from 避く (saku, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.
  • The final -ke2 may be the apophonic form of 酒 (ki1).

Noun

酒 (sake2) (kana さけ)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:酒.

Derived terms
  • 味酒 (umasake2)
  • 待ち酒 (matizake2)
Descendants
  • Japanese: 酒 (sake)

Etymology 2

Likely the original form of sake2 above. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Noun

酒 (saka) (kana さか)

  1. Combining form of 酒 (sake2, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”)
Derived terms
  • 酒水漬く (sakami1duku)
  • 酒坏, 酒杯 (sakaduki1)
  • 酒壺 (sakatubo)

Noun

酒 (ki1) (kana き)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
Derived terms
Descendants
  • Japanese: 味酒 (umaki)
  • Japanese: お神酒 (o-miki)

Etymology 4

Cognate with 奇し (kusi, “strange, wondrous, miraculous”), which is also the root for modern 薬 (kusuri, “medicine”).[1]

Noun

酒 (kusi) (kana くし)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
    • 711–712, Kojiki, poem 32:
      [2]
      許能美岐波和賀美岐那良受久志能加美登許余邇伊麻須伊波多多須...
      ko2no2 mi1-ki1 wo waga mi1-ki1 narazu kusi no2 kami1 to2ko2yo2 ni imasu ipa tatasu...
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Derived terms
  • 酒の司, 酒の長 (kusi no2 kami1)
  • 笑酒, 咲酒 (wegusi)

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Tsuchihashi, Yutaka with Jin'ichi Konishi, Ichinosuke Takagi (1957) Kodai Kayōshū, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

Vietnamese

Alternative forms

Han character

酒: Hán Việt readings: tửu (子(tử)酉(dậu)切(thiết))[2][3][1][4][5]
酒: Nôm readings: rượu[2][3][1][6], tửu[3][4][7], giậu[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of tửu (“alcoholic beverage”).
  2. Nôm form of rượu (“rice alcohol”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  1. Trần (2004).
  2. Nguyễn (2014).
  3. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Génibrel (1898).
  6. Hồ (1976).
  7. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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