os

os

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Ossetian.

Borrowed from Latin os (“a bone”).

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɒs/

• Audio (Southern England)

  (file)

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ɑs/
• Rhymes: -ɒs

os (plural ossa)

1. (anatomy) Synonym of bone.
   • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume III, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

     I was once, I remember, called to a patient who had received a violent contusion in his tibia, by which the exterior cutis was lacerated, so that there was a profuse sanguinary discharge; and the interior membranes were so divellicated, that the os or bone very plainly appeared through the aperture of the vulnus or wound.

Used in anatomical terminology (e.g., Terminologia Anatomica) and sometimes by doctors and surgeons in practice, but seldom used by medical laypeople.

• os breve (short bone)
• os irregulare (irregular bone)
• os longum (long bone)
• os planum (flat bone)
• os sesamoideum (sesamoid bone)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ōs (“the mouth”).

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɒs/

• Audio (Southern England)

  (file)

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ɑs/
• Rhymes: -ɒs

os (plural ora)

1. (anatomy, sometimes botany) An opening or entrance to a passage, particularly one at either end of the cervix, internal (to the uterus) or external (to the vagina).

   Synonym: orifice

   • 1891, Texas Medical Association, Transactions, volume 23, page 175:

     The instrument closed, as seen in Fig. 1, is then passed along the finger to the os, in and through the cervix up to the fundus of the uterus, which may be determined both by the distance and the resistance to the broad rounded head of the Capiat.

   • 2009 July 6, Armen Takhtajan, Flowering Plants, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN:

     […] monocolpate (“unisulcate”) pollen grains still have a continuous aperture membrane devoid of special openings (ora) in the exine for the emergence of the pollen tube.

Borrowed from Swedish ås.

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɒs/

• Audio (Southern England)

  (file)

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ɑs/
• Rhymes: -ɒs

os (plural osar)

1. An osar or esker.

From o +‎ -s.

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /əʊz/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /oʊz/
• Rhymes: -əʊz

os

1. (rare) Alternative form of o's.

• “os”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “os”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

• S&O, SO, So, So., s.o., s/o, so

From Vulgar Latin *lōs, from Latin illōs.

• IPA^(key): /ˈos/
• Rhymes: -os
• Syllabification: os

os m pl

1. the

   Os lugars d'Aragón

   The villages of Aragon

• The form los, either pronounced as los or as ros, can be found after words ending with -o.
• Some dialects use the form els, often shortened to es.

• osu

From Latin ossum, from os. Compare Romanian os.

os n (plural oasi or oase)

1. bone

• usos

Inherited from Old Catalan os, from Latin ossum, non-standard variant of os.

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian) [ˈɔs]

os m (plural ossos)

1. bone

• ossa
• ossari
• ossi

l'ós bru

Inherited from Latin ursus. Compare Spanish oso, Occitan ors, French ours.

• ós (pre-2016 spelling)

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian) [ˈos]

• Audio (Valencian)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -os

os m (plural ossos, feminine ossa)

1. bear (mammal)

• all d'os

• “os” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “os”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “os” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “os” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian) [ˈos]

os

1. plural of o (“the letter O”)

From Old Norse oss (“us”).

• IPA^(key): /ɔs/, [ʌs], [ɒ̽s]

os

1. us, objective of vi
2. (reflexive) ourselves
3. (pluralis majestatis) ourself

Disputed.

• IPA^(key): /oːs/, [oːˀs]

os c (singular definite osen, not used in plural form)

1. smoke
2. reek
3. fug

os

1. imperative of ose

From Proto-Mongolic *usun. Compare Mongolian ус (us).

• IPA^(key): /ɔs/, [ɔs]

os

1. water

   En osii ter nyadem waagw tunpund suree.

   Please pour water into that washbowl.

• Henry G. Schwarz, The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey (1984), page 140: 'water' Daur os

From Middle Dutch osse, from Old Dutch *osso, earlier *ohso, from Proto-Germanic *uhsô.

• IPA^(key): /ɔs/

• audio

  (file)

• Hyphenation: os
• Rhymes: -ɔs

os m (plural ossen, diminutive osje n)

1. ox (a castrated bull)

• Afrikaans: os
• Negerhollands: os

• “os” in Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal – Officiële Spelling, Nederlandse Taalunie. [the official spelling word list for the Dutch language]

• us (Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu)

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Latin illōs.

• IPA^(key): /os/

os m pl (singular o, feminine a, feminine plural as)

1. (Mañegu) Masculine plural definite article; the
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:

     En esti territorio se han assentau, en os anus que se indican, os habitantis siguientis:

     In this territory there were living, in the years specified, the following (amount of) inhabitants:

os

1. (Mañegu) Third person plural masculine accusative pronoun; them

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

Inherited from Old French os, from Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

• (singular) IPA^(key): /ɔs/

  • Audio (FR)

    (file)

  • Audio

    (file)

  • Rhymes: -ɔs
• (plural) IPA^(key): /o/
  • Rhymes: -o
  • Homophones: au, aulx, aux, eau, eaux, ho, o, ô, oh (general), haut, hauts (aspirated)
• After consonants other than /z/, the plural may alternatively be pronounced like the singular (cf. the same in œufs).
• Colloquially, some speakers use the hybrid form /os/ for both singular and plural.

os m (plural os)

1. bone

   Le chien a enterré un os.

   The dog buried a bone.

2. (informal) snag, hitch

   Synonyms: hic, accroc, anicroche

   Il y a un os. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

• “os”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

• SO

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Vulgar Latin *los, from Latin illōs, accusative plural of ille (“that”).

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

os m pl (masculine singular o, feminine singular a, feminine plural as)

1. (definite) the

The definite article o (in all its forms) regularly forms contractions when it follows the prepositions a (“to”), con (“with”), de (“of, from”), and en (“in”). For example, con os ("with the") contracts to cos, and en os ("in the") contracts to nos.

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

os

1. accusative of eles

From Portuguese osso. Cognate with Kabuverdianu osu.

os

1. bone

• (Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɔsˠ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /ʌsˠ/

From Old Irish oss, from Proto-Celtic *uxsū, from Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn (“bull”).

os m (genitive singular ois, nominative plural ois)

1. (literary) deer

   Synonym: fia

From Old Irish úas, ós, from Proto-Celtic *ouxsos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-.

os (plus dative, triggers no mutation)

1. over, above

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “os”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Entries containing “os” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.

From Latin ossum, from os.

os n (plural ose, definite singular osu, definite plural osele)

1. bone

ōs (mouth)

From Proto-Italic *ōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os. Cognates include Hittite 𒀀𒄿𒅖 (aiš), Sanskrit आस् (ās), Old Irish á, Old English ōr.

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /oːs/, [oːs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /os/, [ɔs]

ōs n (genitive ōris); third declension

1. mouth

   Synonym: bucca

   Hyponyms: buccula, ōsculum

   • 8 CE – 12 CE, Ovid, Sorrows 1.2.35–36:

     opprimet hanc animam flūctūs, frūstrāque precantī
     ōre necātūrās accipiēmus aquās

     Waves will crush this life, and just as I am uselessly praying, by mouth we will swallow waters soon to destroy us.
     (The poet laments his storm-tossed sea voyage to exile.)

   • Genesis, Vulgate 8.11:

     at illa venit ad eum ad vesperam portans ramum olivae virentibus foliis in ore suo intellexit ergo Noe quod cessassent aquae super terram

     But it came to him in the evening carrying a green-leaved olive branch in its mouth, therefore Noah understood that the waters above the land were coming to and end.

2. (transferred sense) (in general) head or face

   Synonym: caput

   Synonyms: (Vulgar Latin) cara, faciēs, frōns, vultus

   ad aliquem ora convertere ― to turn the head or face towards someone

   • 70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 2.4.124:

     Gorgonis os pulcherrimum cinctum anguibus revellit atque abstulit, […]

     • 1856 translation by Charles Duke Yonge

       […] he tore off and took away a very fine head of the Gorgon with snakes for hair;

   • c. 117 CE, Tacitus, Annales 1.61:

     adiacebant fragmina telorum equorumque artus, simul truncis arborum antefixa ora.

     • 1864–1877 translation by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb

       Near, lay fragments of weapons and limbs of horses, and also human heads, prominently nailed to trunks of trees.

3. (transferred sense) (in general) facial features, countenance, appearance
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.328–329:

     “[...] Sī quis mihi parvulus aulā / lūderet Aenēās, quī tē tamen ōre referret, [...].”

     “If [only] for me someone were playing in the hall – a little Aeneas – who, although [you were gone], would recall you by his appearance, [...].”

4. (poetic) speech
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.423:

     […] primi clipeos mentitaque tela / adgnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant.

     • 1697 translation by John Dryden

       They first observe, and to the rest betray, / Our diff'rent speech; our borrow'd arms survey.

5. mouth, lips, opening, entrance, aperture, orifice
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.659–660:

     Dīxit et ōs impressa torō, [...] / ait [...].

     [Dido] spoke and, having pressed her lips upon the bed, cried out: [...].
     (Although many translations have Dido bury her “face” in the “couch,” still others convey the symbolism of a farewell kiss. See: Fitzgerald, 1981: “And here she kissed the bed”; Ruden, 2021: “She kissed the bed”.)

6. beak of a ship
7. edge of a sword

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

• → English: os

ossa manūs (bones of the hand)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst. Cognates include Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon), Sanskrit अस्थि (asthi) and Old Armenian ոսկր (oskr).

• ossum, ossu, ossua

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /os/, [ɔs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /os/, [ɔs]

os n (genitive ossis); third declension

1. (literal, anatomy) bone

   "ipsorum ore respondent se lassis post viam ossibus non posse de lecto surgere..." Regula magistri

   By the same mouth they respond that, due to their weary bones after travel, it is not possible to arise from bed.

   1. (transferred sense) hard or innermost part of trees or fruits; heartwood
2. (figurative) bones, framework or outline of a discourse

Third-declension noun (neuter, i-stem).

• exossātus
• ossuārium

• "ōs", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• "ŏs", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• "ōs", in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "os", in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• os in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette, page 1095.
• os in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to praise a man to his face: aliquem coram, in os or praesentem laudare
    
  • to be in every one's mouth: in ore omnium or omnibus (hominum or hominibus, but only mihi, tibi, etc.) esse
    
  • to harp on a thing, be always talking of it: in ore habere aliquid (Fam. 6. 18. 5)
    
  • physics; natural philosophy: physica (-orum) (Or. 34. 119); philosophia naturalis
    
  • logic, dialectic: dialectica (-ae or -orum) (pure Latin disserendi ratio et scientia)
    
  • all agree on this point: omnes (uno ore) in hac re consentiunt
    
  • unanimously: una voce; uno ore
    
  • mathematics: mathematica (-ae) or geometria (-ae), geometrica (-orum) (Tusc. 1. 24. 57)
    
  • arithmetic: arithmetica (-orum)
    
  • arithmetic: numeri (-orum)
    
  • no word escaped him: nullum verbum ex ore eius excidit (or simply ei)
    
  • maintain a devout silence (properly, utter no ill-omened word): favete ore, linguis = εὐφημειτε
    
  • to talk of a subject which was then the common topic of conversation: in eum sermonem incidere, qui tum fere multis erat in ore
    
  • (ambiguous) to draw every one's eyes upon one: omnium oculos (et ora) ad se convertere
    
  • (ambiguous) to be in every one's mouth: per omnium ora ferri
    
  • (ambiguous) to be a subject for gossip: in ora vulgi abire
    
• Dizionario Latino italiano, Olivetti

os

1. Alternative form of us

os m (plural os)

1. bone

• French: os

• IPA^(key): /œs/

ös

1. (personal pronoun, dative, accusative) Alternative form of uns.

• IPA^(key): /uːs/

From Old Norse óss. Same as Latin os.

os m or n (definite singular osen or oset, indefinite plural osar or os, definite plural osane or osa)

1. an outlet, estuary, river mouth (where a river runs out of a lake, or enters a lake or the ocean)

Unknown.

os m (definite singular osen, indefinite plural osar, definite plural osane)

1. to fume, smoke
2. to reek, malodorousness

• ose

os

1. obsolete spelling of oss
   • 1770, Edvard Storm, “Guten aa Jenta paa Fjøshjellen”, in Den fyrste morgonblånen, Oslo: Novus, published 1990, page 233:

     Dæmæ venda os aat Bygden

     thus we turn towards the village

os

1. past tense of ase
2. imperative of ose

• “os” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
• “os”, in Norsk Ordbok: ordbok over det norske folkemålet og det nynorske skriftmålet, Oslo: Samlaget, 1950-2016

• *ās

From earliest Old English *ons, *ans, from Proto-Germanic *ansuz (“god, deity”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ems- (“engender, beget”). Cognate with Old Norse áss.

• IPA^(key): /oːs/

ōs m

1. a god
2. the runic character ᚩ (/o/ or /oː/)

• The genitive plural ēsa (attested in ēsa gescot “the shot of the ēse”) and names such as Esegar display i-mutation, despite being a u-stem. This is likely a fossilization from an earlier stage between Proto-West Germanic *ansu and early Old English *ons, in which i-mutation was applied to the attested declined forms due to the word’s archaic meaning, rather than its active usage.
• The nominative plural likely had the same process from above applied to it as well, in the form of *ēse.
• Both i-mutated, and typically-expected forms for each affected declension are provided in the table below:

• god

From Latin ossum, popular variant of os.

• IPA^(key): /ɔs/

os oblique singular, m (oblique plural os, nominative singular os, nominative plural os)

1. bone

• French: os

• as, es, is (aberrant Würzburg forms)

Hamp derives this from Proto-Celtic *sonts, plural *sontes (whence ot); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sónts.[1] Copular origin explains the use of independent subject pronouns with this conjunction, which otherwise are usually used with the copula is.

A more traditional theory, assumed by Pedersen and Thurneysen among others, supposes that this is a contraction of ocus (“and”), with the apparent copular behaviour being analogical.[2]

os (third-person plural ot)

1. disjunctive conjunction

• The conjunction takes on the form ot when used with the third-person plural pronoun é and os elsewhere.

• Middle Irish: os

• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “2 os”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

os m

1. Alternative form of as

• IPA^(key): /ɔs/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔs
• Syllabification: os
• Homophone: oz

os f

1. genitive plural of osa

   Synonym: ós

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Vulgar Latin *los, from Latin illōs.

• Hyphenation: os

os

1. masculine plural of o
   • 2007, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 546:

     Está na hora de testarmos os nossos talentos no mundo real, você não acha?

     It's time to test the talents of ours in the real world, don't you think?

   • 2007, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 308:

     Você notou os cabelos dela, são negros e brilhantes e macios...

     You noticed her hair (“her hairs”), it's dark and brilliant and soft...

   • 2007, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 373:

     Devíamos fechar os olhos dele.

     We should close his eyes (“the eyes of him”).

For quotations using this term, see Citations:o.

os

1. third-person plural direct objective personal pronoun; them

   Synonyms: (indirect objective) lhes, eles, (prepositional) elas

   Encontrei-os na rua.

   I met them at the street.

• Becomes -los after verb forms ending in -r, -s, or -z, the pronouns nos and vos, and the adverb eis; the ending letter causing the change disappears.

  After ver: Posso vê-los? ― May I see them?

  After pôs: Pô-los ali. ― He put them there.

  After fiz: Fi-los ficarem contentes. ― I made them become happy.

  After nos: Deu-no-los relutantemente. ― He gave them to us reluctantly.

  After eis: Ei-los! ― Behold them!

• Becomes -nos after a nasal diphthong: -ão, -am [ɐ̃w̃], -õe [õj̃], -em, -êm [ẽj̃].

  Detêm-nos como prisioneiros. ― They detain them as prisoners.

• In Brazil it is being abandoned in favor of the nominative form eles.

  Eu os vi. → Eu vi eles. ― I saw them.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:os.

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

• Hyphenation: os

os m

1. plural of o

os m (invariable) (Bassa Romagna)

1. door

Inherited from Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, from Proto-Italic *ōs, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

Compare Catalan os, French os, Italian osso, Portuguese osso, Sardinian ossu, Spanish hueso.

• IPA^(key): [os]

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -os

os n (plural oase)

1. bone

• os in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

• IPA^(key): /ɔs/

os (+ dative, no mutation)

1. (obsolete) over, above

• Now used only in the compounds listed below.

• os cionn
• os ìosal
• os làimh

os

1. Alternative form of arsa used before vowels

   "Ial, ial," os a' chailleach ― "Ial, ial," said the old woman

• ȏsa (Bosnia, Serbia)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь.

• IPA^(key): /ôːs/

ȏs f (Cyrillic spelling о̑с)

1. (Croatia) axis

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь.

• IPA^(key): [ɔs]

os f (genitive singular osi, nominative plural osi, genitive plural osí, declension pattern of kosť)

1. axis (geometry: imaginary line)
2. axle

• osový
• oska
• osička

• “os”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

From Proto-Slavic *osь.

• IPA^(key): /óːs/

ọ̑s f

1. axis (geometry: imaginary line)

• “os”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
• “os”, in Termania, Amebis
• See also the general references

Inherited from Latin vōs (accusative), vōbīs (dative).

• IPA^(key): /os/ [os]
• Rhymes: -os
• Syllabification: os
• Homophone: (Latin America) hoz

os

1. you, to you, for you; dative and accusative of vosotros

• “os”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Disputed. Possibly related to Latin odor, or alternatively Sanskrit वास (vāsa, “perfume”).

• audio

  (file)

os n

1. (uncountable) (bad) smell, especially a strong smell originating from cooking

From Old Norse óss.

os n

1. a river mouth; the place where a creek, stream or river enters into a lake
2. indefinite genitive singular of o

• osa

• os in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• os in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• os in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

• SO, so

os

1. (impersonal pronoun) it

o (“if”) +‎ -s (“him, her, it, them”)

• IPA^(key): /ɔs/
• Rhymes: -ɔs

os

1. if (used with factual conditionals, i.e., those that are considered likely or plausible)

   Os ydw i’n iawn, yna mae wedi canu arnat ti.

   If I’m right, then you’re done for.

• pe (used with counterfactual conditionals)

• IPA^(key): /ʔɒ˩/

From Proto-Hmong-Mien *ʔap (“duck”), borrowed from Middle Chinese 鴨 (MC 'aep, “duck”).[1]

os (classifier: tus)

1. a duck

os

1. a final emphatic particle, usually used to express sincerity

   Nyob zoo os. ― Hello.

   Tuaj os. ― You've come.

   Noj mov os. ― Please eat.

• Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎, SEAP Publications, →ISBN, page 4.