< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/uksḗn

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Of uncertain origin;[1][2] possibly from *h₂ug-s-ḗn, from *h₂weg-s- (“to become strong”)[3][4][5] +‎ *-ḗn, or perhaps from *ugʷ-s-ḗn (“inseminator”), from *wegʷ- (“to moisten, make wet”).[6] Alternatively borrowed from Proto-Kartvelian *usx- (“sacrificial bull”) with metathesis[7][8], or a Wanderwort, whence also Proto-Turkic *öküŕ (“ox, bull”).[9]

Noun

*uksḗn m[10][11]

  1. bull

Inflection
Athematic, hysterokinetic
singular
nominative *uksḗn
genitive *uksnés
singular dual plural
nominative *uksḗn *uksénh₁(e) *uksénes
vocative *uksén *uksénh₁(e) *uksénes
accusative *uksénm̥ *uksénh₁(e) *uksénm̥s
genitive *uksnés *? *uksnóHom
ablative *uksnés *? *uksn̥mós
dative *uksnéy *? *uksn̥mós
locative *uksén, *ukséni *? *uksn̥sú
instrumental *uksnéh₁ *? *uksn̥mís

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms
  • *úks-ō[15][11][16]
    • Proto-Celtic: *uxsū (“ox, stag”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *uhsô (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *wəkʷsó (“draft-ox”) (see there for further descendants)
      • →? Proto-Turkic: *öküŕ (“ox, bull”)[17] (see there for further descendants)
      • →? Proto-Uralic: *uškɜ (“ox, bull”)[18] (see there for further descendants)

Descendants
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ukšā́ (see there for further descendants)
    • →? Proto-Uralic: *uškɜ (“ox, bull”)[18] (see there for further descendants)
  • → Proto-Kartvelian: *usx- (“sacrificial bull”) (perhaps, with metathesis)[7][8] (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 27
  2. Zimmer, Stefan (1982) “Idg. *ukson-”, in Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung‎, volume 95, pages 84-92
  3. Kiehnle, Catharina (1979) Vedisch Ukṣ und Ukṣ/Vakṣ: Wortgeschichtliche und exegetische Untersuchungen, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
  4. Pronk, Tijmen (2009) “Sanskrit (v)ṛṣabhá-, Greek ἂρσην, ἔρσην: the spraying bull of Indo-European?”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 122, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR, page 171
  5. Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2269
  6. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “u̯egu̯- : ū̆gu̯-, uku̯s-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1118
  7. Fenwick, Rhona S. H. (2017) “An Indo-European origin of Kartvelian names for two maloid fruits”, in Asatrian, Garnik S., editors, Iran and the Caucasus‎, volume 21, number 3, Brill, →DOI, page 4
  8. Климов, Г. А. (1994) Древнейшие индоевропеизмы картвельских языков [The Oldest Indo-Europeanisms in Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Nasledie, →ISBN, pages 64-68
  9. Güntert, Anders H; Festschrift Fr. Panzer 10
  10. Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 140
  11. Ringe, D. A., Jr. (1988–1990) “Evidence for the position of Tocharian in the Indo-European family?”, in Die Sprache, volume 34, Vienna: Universität Wien, page 82
  12. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “ukṣán-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 210
  13. Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2269
  14. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₂uks-é/ón-n-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 368
  15. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*uxso-, *uxson-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 401-402
  16. Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Ochse”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 513
  17. Clauson, Gerard (1972) “öküz”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 120
  18. Rédei, Károly (1988) “Die syrjänische Sprache”, in Sinor, Denis, editor, The Uralic languages: description, history and foreign influences, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 661: “*uškɜ”
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