덕

Chinese Seal script for 덕 (德, deog, "virtue")

Chinese Seal script for 득 (得, deug, "usefulness, utility")

Comparatives

• De (Chinese) § Etymologies

말씀

The Tower of Babel ^[4]
The Tower of Babel narrative in Genesis 11:1–9 is an origin myth meant to explain why the world's peoples speak different languages. ^[5] Nevertheless,
God confused no language;
people have made so many!

Comparatives

노래

The Lorelei rock (1900) ^[9]

Siren from Myrina, first century BC (before Christ)

Kristus i Getsemane (1873), an angel comforting Jesus before his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane,^[11] by Carl Heinrich Bloch (1834–1890).

Compounds

• 노래방 (-bang, "karaoke" literally "singing room" popular in South Korea)
• 노랫말 (-mal, "lyrics")

Comparatives

• Lorelei #English

  Etymology

  Borrowed from German Lorelei (“siren of Rhine”), not used as a given name in Germany. ^{[14] [15]}

• Lorelei § Etymology

  The name comes from the old German words lureln, Rhine dialect for 'murmuring', and the Celtic term ley "rock". The translation of the name would therefore be: 'murmur rock' or 'murmuring rock'. [...] Other theories attribute the name to the many boating accidents on the rock, by combining the German verb lauern ('to lurk, lie in wait') with the same "ley" ending, with the translation "lurking rock".

• Siren § Appearance

  The first-century Roman historian Pliny the Elder discounted Sirens as a pure fable, [...] In his notebooks, Leonardo da Vinci wrote, "The siren sings so sweetly that she lulls the mariners to sleep; then she climbs upon the ships and kills the sleeping mariners."

• Siren § Christian belief and modern reception

  By the fourth century, when pagan beliefs were overtaken by Christianity, the belief in literal sirens was discouraged. [...]

  The early Christian euhemerist interpretation of mythologized human beings received a long-lasting boost from Isidore's Etymologiae:

  [The Greeks] imagine that "there were three Sirens, part virgins, part birds," with wings and claws. "One of them sang, another played the flute, the third the lyre. They drew sailors, decoyed by song, to shipwreck. According to the truth, however, they were prostitutes who led travelers down to poverty and were said to impose shipwreck on them." They had wings and claws because Love flies and wounds. [...]

• Mermaid § Origins

  The sirens of Greek mythology (especially the Odyssey), conceived of as half-bird and half-woman, gradually shifted to the image of a fish-tailed woman. [...]

  Some attributes of Homer's sirens, such as the enticement of men and their beautiful song, also became attached to the mermaid.

• Angel § Interaction
  • In Luke 22:43 an angel comforts Jesus Christ during the Agony in the Garden.
  • Pope John Paul II emphasized the role of angels in Catholic teachings in his 1986 address titled "Angels Participate In History Of Salvation", in which he suggested that modern mentality should come to see the importance of angels.
  • According to the Vatican's Congregation for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, "The practice of assigning names to the Holy Angels should be discouraged, except in the cases of Gabriel, Raphael and Michael whose names are contained in Holy Scripture."
• Angel § Islam

  In Islam, just like in Judaism and Christianity, angels are often represented in anthropomorphic forms combined with supernatural images, such as wings, being of great size or wearing heavenly articles. The Quran describes them as "messengers with wings -- two, or three, or four (pairs): He [God] adds to Creation as He pleases..." Common characteristics for angels are their missing needs for bodily desires, such as eating and drinking. Their lack of affinity to material desires is also expressed by their creation from light: Angels of mercy are created from nur (cold light) in opposition to the angels of punishment created from nar (hot light). ^[16]

들

A dale, cf. dell ^[17]

A vale, or valley

Дала (dala, "steppe")

A wadi in Egypt

Compounds

(Related to the wide wilderness, or dale rather than vale)

• 들꽃 (-kkoch, "wild flower")
• 들국화 (-gughwa, "wild chrysanthemum")
• 들장미 (jangmi, "wild rose")
• 들쥐 (-jwi, "wild rat")
• 들짐승 (deul-jimseung, "wild, feral animal" like a deer ^[20])

Synomyms

• 벌 (beol, "vale, valley")
• 골짜기 (goljjagi, "valley")
• 스텝 (seuteb, "steppe")
• 와디 (wadi, "wadi") ^[21]

Comparatives

¶ Wide steppe vs. narrow wadi

Bashkir: дала (dala)
Kazakh: дала (dala)
Kyrgyz: талаа (talaa)
Mongolian: тал (tal)
Tatar: дала (dala) 
& 
Georgian: ველი (veli)
  
 
  

Catalan: uadi
Czech: vádí 
Dutch: wadi 
English: wadi
<!-- German: Wadi -->
Finnish: vadi 
French: oued 
Hungarian: vádi
Italian: uadi
Polish: ued 

¶ valley meaning "an elongated depression between hills or mountains, often with a river flowing through it."

Azerbaijani: dərə / vadi
Belarusian: далі́на (dalína)
Bulgarian: доли́на (dolína)
Czech: dolina 
Danish: dal 
Dutch: dal / vallei
English: dale / valley, vale
Faroese: dalur 
German: Tal 
* Pennsylvania German: Daal / Waelli
Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌻 (dal)
Hunsrik: Daal 
Icelandic: dalur 
Kurdish: دۆڵ‎ (doll)
* Northern Kurdish: dehl 
Luxembourgish: Dall 
Macedonian: долина (dolina)
Mongolian: тал (tal) 
Norwegian: dal 
Old Church Slavonic: долъ (dolŭ)
Old Norse: dalr
Pashto: دره‎ (dará)
Persian: دره‎ (darre) / وادی‎ (vâdi)
Polish: dolina 
Russian: доли́на (dolína)
Serbo-Croatian: долина (dolina) 
Slovak: dolina 
Slovene: dolína 
Upper Sorbian: doł 
Swedish: dal 
Tajik: дара (dara) / водӣ (vodī) 
Turkmen: dere
Ukrainian: доли́на (dolýna)
West Frisian: dal 
Yiddish: טאָל‎ (tol)

Aromanian: vale 
Asturian: valle 
Azerbaijani: vadi / dərə 
Catalan: vall 
Dutch: vallei / dal
English: valley, vale / dale 
French: vallée, val
Friulian: val 
Galician: val 
Hindi: वादी (vādī)
Hungarian: völgy
Italian: valle 
Latin: valles, vallis 
Norman: vallée 
Novial: vale
Occitan: val 
Old French: valee 
Pennsylvania German: Waelli / Daal 
Persian: وادی‎ (vâdi) / دره‎ (darre)
Portuguese: vale 
Romanian: vale 
Romansch: val 
Sardinian: badde, baddi, vadde
Sicilian: vaddi, valli
Spanish: valle
Tajik: водӣ (vodī) / дара (dara)
Turkish: vadi 
Urdu: وادی‎ (vādī)
Uyghur: ۋادى‎ (wadi)
Uzbek: vodiy 
Venetian: val, vałe
 
  
 
  

미르

"A fisherboy dived into the water and brought up a pearl from beneath the chin of a black dragon." From Chinese Fairy Book (Richard Wilhelm)/45
Artist: George W. Hood

Saint George killing the dragon, 1430-1435, painted by Bernat Martorell
(Art Institute of Chicago).

Synonyms

• 용 (龍, yong, North Korean ryong, Chinese long cf. English long) ^[25]

Compounds

• 미리내 (airinae, "Milky Way,"^[26] literally "dragon river")

Relatives

• 물 (mul, "water, body of water, esp. river")

Comparatives

(The mysterious Eurasian uses)

• mirus #Latin "marvelous, wonderful, amazing, awesome"
• miror #Latin "to admire, wonder at"
• mirer #French "to watch, stare"
• mirage #French "mirage"
• miroir #French "mirror"
• admirer #French "to admire"
• amiral #French "admiral" ^[27]
• emir #French "emir" ^[28]
• मीर (mir) # Hindi "(historical) Mir: title used by Muslim rulers of princely states" ^[29]
• मीर (mira) # Sanskrit "sea, ocean"
• कश्मीर (kashmir) # Hindi : See Etymology through!

From Wikipedia

• Amir al-Mu'minin (...) is an Arabic title that is usually translated "Commander of the Faithful" or "Leader of the Faithful".
• The Gur-e-Amīr or Guri Amir (...‎) is a mausoleum of the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (also known as Tamerlane) in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. [...] Gur-e Amir is Persian for "Tomb of the King".
• Mir Osman Ali Khan, ..., was the last Nizam (ruler) of the Princely State of Hyderabad, the largest princely state in British India.
• Kashmir would be derived from either kashyapa-mir (Kashyapa's Lake) or kashyapa-meru (Kashyapa's Mountain).

• 
  Suleiman the Magnificent, Padishah of the Ottoman Empire. ^[30]
• 
  Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shahanshah of Iran from 1941 to 1979 ^[31]
• 
  Mao Zedong
• 
  Deng Xiaoping
• 
  Kim Jong-un

구름

Some types of cloud yield thunderstorms.

Comparatives

Toward the etymology of 구름 (gureum, "cloud")

• roll ^[38]
  • A heavy, reverberatory sound. ^[39]
    • There was a roll of thunder and the rain began to pour down. ^[40]
• rollen #German ^[41]
  1. to roll
  2. to thunder ^[42]
• grollen #German ^[43]
  1. to rumble, grumble, growl
  2. to roll, thunder
• grumeln #German (frequentative) ^[44]
  1. to grumble (make a low sound, as of a discontent person, an empty stomach, a distant thunderstorm)

See also

• 구르다 (gureuda, "to roll" cf. German grollen)
• 우르렁 (ureureong, "grumbling" as of thunder)
• 으르렁 (eureureong, "growling" as of lions )
• 그르렁 (geureureong "gurgling" as of cats )

벼락

Strokes of cloud-to-ground lightning during a thunderstorm

Jael shows the slain Sisera to Barak, by James Tissot.

Barack Obama

Synonyms

Compounds

• 돈벼락 (don-, "blessing with money") ^[54]
• 벼락부자 (-buja, "an overnight millionaire")

Relatives

• 벼랑 (byeorang, "precipice")
• 벼룩 (byeorug, "flea")

Comparatives

See also

• 구름 (gureum, "cloud") as the phenomenal source of 벼락 "thunderbolt"
• 구르다 (gureuda, "to roll") as the onomatopoeic source of 구름 "cloud"

한물

Flooding after 1991 Bangladesh cyclone ^[56]

Synonyms

• 큰물 (keunmul)
• 홍수 (hongsu)

Comparatives

• Hammurabi, maybe a compound of 한물 (hanmul, "flood") + 아비 (abi, "father").

물

The Pacific Ocean. ^[59]
The world ocean is also collectively known as just "the sea". Being 3,688m deep on average, it covers 71% of Earth's surface, and contains 97% of Earth's water!

Compounds

• 물바다 (-bada, "flood" lit. "water sea" or "sea of water")
• 바닷물 (badat-, "sea water")
• 호수물 (hosu-, "lake water")
• 강물 (gang-, "river water")
• 시냇물 (sinaet-, "brook water")
• 대얏물 (daeyat-, "basin water")
• 눈물 (nun-, "tears")
• 콧물 (kot-, "snot, snuff, snival, drivel, nose dripping, nose runnings")
• 큰물 (keun-, "flood")
• 한물 (han-, "flood")

Antonyms

• 불 (bul, "fire" cf. Dutch vuur)
• 불바다 (bul-bada, lit. "fire sea" cf. Dutch vuurzee)

Relatives

• 마르다 (mareuda, "to dry")
• 무르다 (mureuda, "to be soft, tender, flabby") ^[62]
• 묽다 (mulgda, "to be watery")
• 미르 (mireu, "dragon")
• 바다 (bada, "mere, sea")

Comparatives

• mar #English "small lake"
• mere #English "body of standing water, eg., lake or pond"
• mere #Old English "sea, lake"
• meer #Dutch "sea, lake"
• Meer #German "sea, lake"

불

Fire! ^[63] 불이야! ^[64]

Antonyms

• 물 (mul, "water, body of water")

Comparatives

Adapted from wikt: fire #Translations & #Etymology

See also

• 불다 (bulda, "to blow")

불다

The fire breath is an extension of blowing the fire.

Relatives

• 불 (bul, "fire")
• 풀무 (pulmu, "bellows")
• 바람 (baram, "wind")

Comparatives

풀무

The bellows inhale and exhale as the lungs do.

The lungs inhale and exhale as the bellows do.

Relatives

Comparatives

• Latin pulmo ("lung")
• Latin follis ("bellows")
• Latin bulga ("leather bag, knapsack, purse, wallet, womb")
• Dutch balg ("leather bag, bellows, belly, body!")
• English bulge
• English belly
• English bellows
• English blower
• English blow

The accordion is a musical bellows, as it were. ^[75]

Korean/Words/불룩

펄럭

The flag of the United Nations is flagging or flapping in the wind.

Birds of a feather flock together. For example, gulls do in a feeding frenzy.

Comparatives

• flag #English and Germanic and Slavic translations

• fly #English and Germanic translations

• flock #English, ^[78] etc.

• folk #English, etc.

• bird #English, and Germanic translations

See also

• 보풀 (bopul, "fluff")

보풀

The seeds of the poplar tree are easily dispersed by the wind, thanks to the fine hairs surrounding them.
--Wikipedia: Populus

The seeds of a cottonwood (Populus deltoides)
--Wiktionary: cottonwood

Relatives

• 포플러 (popeulleo) from poplar
• 포퓰러 (popyulleo) from popular
• 포플린 (popullin) from poplin
• 뽀뿌링 (ppoppuring) likely from Japanese pronunciation

Comparatives

Uses

• 보풀이 펄럭이다

  bopul-i peolleok-ida

  Fluffs are fluffing.

See also

• 부풀다 (bupul-da, "to swell")
• 펄럭 (peolleok, "flapping, fluttering")

부풀다

Female bosoms

Lips.

Synonyms

• 붓다 (bus-da, "to swell")

Relatives

• 보풀 (bopul, "fluff, nap")

Comparatives

See also

• 보풀 (bopul, "fluff, nap")

맑다

The sunrise in the morning

Pearl necklace

Princess Margaret ^[87] in 1965, wearing a pearl necklace

Doublets

• 말갛다 (malgah-da, "to be highly clear, clean, fresh") ^[90]
• 묽다 (mulg-da, "to be dilute, watery, of thin solution")

Relatives

• 물 (mul, "water")

Comparatives

See also

• 밝다 (balg-da, "to be bright, to dawn")
• 이울다 (iul-da, "to wane, wither, fade")

이울다

The sunset in the evening ^[95]

Attributives

• 이운 (iun)
• ㅇㅣᄫㅡㄴ (iveun) obsolete

Synonyms

• 시들다 (sideul-da, "(for flowers, leaves) to wane, wither")
• 저물다 (jeomul-da, "(for the sun) to set, (for it) to grow dark")

Antonyms

• 밝아지다 (balg-ajida, "to get brighter")
• 맑아지다 (malg-ajida, "to get clearer, fresher") cf. German Morgen "morning"

Comparatives

See also

• 맑다 (malg-da, "to be clear, fresh") ^[100]
• 밝다 (balg-da, "to be bright, (for the day or it) to dawn")
• 밝쥐 (balg-jwi, "bat" lit. "bright-eyed rat")
• 명일 (明日, meong-il, "tomorrow" ^[101])

Footnotes

1. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=덕
2. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/덕
3. ↑ (Scotland, Northern England, obsolete) might, strength
4. ↑ by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1563)
5. ↑ According to the story, a united human race in the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating eastward, comes to the land of Shinar. There they agree to build a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven. God, observing their city and tower, confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other, and scatters them around the world.
6. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/말
7. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=말씀
8. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/말씀
9. ↑ which may literally mean "singing rock" rather than "murmuring rock".
10. ↑ In 1824, Heinrich Heine wrote one of his most famous poems, "Die Lorelei". It describes the eponymous female as a sort of siren who, sitting on the cliff above the Rhine and combing her golden hair, unwittingly distracted shipmen with her beauty and song, causing them to crash on the rocks. In 1837, Friedrich Silcher set this lyrics to music, when the Nazy Germany was rising and Jewish Heine was falling.
11. ↑ The Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane was an event in the life of Jesus from the New Testament, between the Farewell Discourse at the conclusion of the Last Supper and Jesus' arrest.
12. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=노래
13. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/노래
14. ↑ Yet there is no wikt: Lorelei #German since 2016!
15. ↑ This etymology would not see Lorelei as a compound of lore "murmuring" and lei "rock" but as a German equivalent or Rhenish kind of Siren, hence no sense of either "murmuring" or "singing".
16. ↑ cf. Korean 노을 (no-eul, "evening light") and 날 (nal, "daylight")
17. ↑ "A valley, especially in the form of a natural hollow, small and deep."
18. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=들
19. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/들
20. ↑ Indeed, the deer is representative of the feral rather than general animals.
21. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=와디

    건조 지역에서, 평소에는 마른 골짜기이다가 큰비가 내리면 홍수가 되어 물이 흐르는 강.

22. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=미르
23. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/미르
24. ↑ Hence, suggestive of the river as a long body of water.
25. ↑

    龍

    1. 용(龍: 상상의 동물) dragon, the imaginary creature.
    2. 임금, 천자(天子) king, the son of the heaven
    3. ...
26. ↑ late 14c. loan-translation of Latin Via lactea
27. ↑

    Etymology

    From Old French amirail, amiral, from Arabic أَمِير اَلْبَحْر‎ (ʾamīr al-baḥr, “commander of the fleet”).

28. ↑

    emir

    • a prince, commander or other leader or ruler in an Islamic nation.
    • a descendant of the prophet Muhammad.

    Etymology

    From Old French emir, from Arabic أَمِير‎ (ʾamīr, “commander, prince”). Akin to amir, Amir and admiral. Doublet of amira.

    Derived terms

    • emirate
29. ↑

    Etymology

    Borrowed from Persian میر‎ (mir), from Arabic أَمِير‎ (ʾamīr). Doublet of wikt: अमीर (amīr).

30. ↑ Portrait attributed to Titian (circa 1530)
31. ↑ The last ruler to hold the title of shah
32. ↑ You miss a thundercrack here.
33. ↑ performed by the U.S. Navy Band
34. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=구름
35. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/구름
36. ↑ Onomatopoeia
37. ↑ Onomatopoeia reduplicative
38. ↑

    roll (v.)

    "Of sounds (such as thunder) somehow suggestive of a rolling ball, 1590s; of a drum from 1680s."

39. ↑ frequentative
40. ↑ The "roll" is what 구르다 is in itself.
41. ↑ Cognates include Dutch rollen, English roll, etc.
42. ↑ Der Donner rollt, oder, grollt.
43. ↑ Cognates include Dutch grollen, English growl, etc.
44. ↑ Cognates include Dutch gromelen, French grommeler, English grumble, etc.
45. ↑ You miss a thundercrack here.
46. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=벼락
47. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/벼락
48. ↑ The Korean order is also thunder followed by lightning as "천둥번개". But the natural order is lightening followed by thunder, of course.
49. ↑ (mimic) cf. 번쩍
50. ↑ (onomatopoeic) See also
    • 우르렁 (ureureong, "thundering sound") cf. 으르렁 (eureureong, "deep roaring sound as of the lion")
    • 구름 (gureum, "cloud" as the source of lightning and thunder) cf. 구르다 (gureuda, "to roll")
51. ↑ 번개우레 is proposed to replace 천둥번개. However, 벼락 is everything anyway!
52. ↑ 천둥과 번개를 동반하는 대기 중의 방전 현상.
53. ↑ 천둥과 번개를 동반한 비.
54. ↑ 갑자기 한꺼번에 생긴 많은 돈을 비유적으로 이르는 말.
55. ↑

    Etymology

    Barak ברק means lightning in Hebrew. Barcas, the surname of the famous Hamilcar Barca, is the Punic equivalent of the name.

56. ↑ which killed around 140,000 people.
57. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=한물
58. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/한물
59. ↑ This largest division of the world ocean covers about 46% of Earth's water surface and about 32% of its total surface area, making it 3% larger than all of Earth's land area combined.
60. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=물
61. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/물
62. ↑ 표준국어사전
    1. 여리고 단단하지 않다.
    2. 물기가 많아서 단단하지 않다.
63. ↑ A village on fire by Franciszek Kostrzews (1862) Paintings in the National Museum in Warsaw
64. ↑ Literally, it is fire!
65. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=불
66. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/불
67. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=불다
68. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/불다
69. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=풀무
70. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/풀무
71. ↑ Instead of the bellows, you may use your cheek and mouth as well as lungs to blow the fire.
72. ↑ (informal, archaic) the lungs
73. ↑ Antonym: 오목 (omog, "concave")
74. ↑ Antonym: 우묵 (umug, "concave")
75. ↑

    Accordion § Bellows

    The bellows is the most recognizable part of the instrument, and the primary means of articulation. The production of sound in an accordion is in direct proportion to the motion of the bellows by the player. In a sense, the role of the bellows can be compared to the role of moving a violin's bow on bowed strings. For a more direct analogy, the bellows can be compared to the role of breathing for a singer.

76. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=펄럭
77. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/펄럭
78. ↑ Note: flock #Etymology 2 ("tufts of wool or cotton")
79. ↑ Now fowl replaced by bird since 14th c.
80. ↑ Compare with poultry, i.e., "domestic fowl (e.g. chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese) raised for food (either meat or eggs)." Then what is the fowl in itself?
81. ↑ bridd, brid "young bird, chick" > bird
82. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=보풀
83. ↑ Korean 보풀 (bopul) itself is a reduplication; it is even doubled as 보풀보풀 (bopul-bopul).
84. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/보풀
85. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=부풀다
86. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/부풀다
87. ↑ w: Princess Margaret (disambiguation)
88. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=맑다
89. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/맑다
90. ↑ 산뜻하게 (기분이나 느낌이 깨끗하고 시원하게) 맑다.
91. ↑ While quite exceptional, morning and evening are enough to let know that both stem from verbs. Mostly, such is the case with the other Germanic.
92. ↑ From Latin margarīta, from Ancient Greek μαργαρίτης (margarítēs), from a loanword of Eastern origin.
93. ↑ From Greek, to Italian margarita
94. ↑ While being "of unknown origin," this has overcast Europe.
95. ↑ The ideas of "sunset" and "evening" overlap, as the former is implied in the latter (verbal).
96. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=이울다
97. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/이울다
98. ↑ cf. morning, (to)morrow
99. ↑ Morgen, morgen
100. ↑ cf. German Morgenfrisch lit. "morning fresh"
101. ↑ Literally, "bright day; next day"