Voiceless glottal fricative

Voiceless glottal fricative
Voiceless glottal fricative
h
IPA number	146
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	h
Unicode (hex)	U+0068
X-SAMPA	h
Kirshenbaum	h
Sound

The voiceless glottal fricative is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨h⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨h⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "h" in hear and have.

Features

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is glottal. This means that this sound is produced at the vocal cords (vocal folds) and by the vocal cords.
The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.

Examples

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning
Adyghe	Shapsug	хыгь/khyg'	[həɡʲ]	'now'
Albanian		hire	[hiɾɛ]	'the graces'
Arabic	Modern Standard[1]	هائل/haa'il	[ˈhaːʔɪl]	'enormous'
Assyrian	Eastern	ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ hèmanūta	[heːmaːnuːta]	'faith'
Assyrian	Western	ܗܪܟܗ harcë	[hεrcɪ]	'here'
Armenian	Eastern[2]	հայերեն/hayeren	[hɑjɛɾɛn]	'Armenian'
Asturian	South-central dialects	ḥuerza	[ˈhweɾθɐ]	'force'
Asturian	Oriental dialects	ḥacer	[haˈθeɾ]	"to do"
Avar		гьа	[ha]	'oath'
Azeri		hin	[hɪn]	'chicken coop'
Basque	North-Eastern dialects[3]	hirur	[hiɾur]	'three'
Bengali		হাওয়া/haoua	[hao̯a]	'wind'
Berber		aherkus	[ahərkus]	'shoe'
Cantabrian		muḥer	[muˈheɾ]	'woman'
Catalan		ehem	[eˈhẽm]	'ha!'
Chechen		хӏара / hara	[hɑrɐ]	'this'
Chinese	Cantonese	海 / hói	[hɔːi̯˧˥]	'sea'
Chinese	Taiwanese Mandarin	海 / hǎi	[haɪ̯˨˩˦]	'sea'
Danish[4]		hus	[ˈhuːˀs]	'house'
English		high	[haɪ̯]	'high'
Esperanto		hejmo	[ˈhejmo]	'home'
Eastern Lombard	Val Camonica	Bresa	[ˈbrɛha]	'Brescia'
Estonian		hammas	[ˈhɑmˑɑs]	'tooth'
Faroese		hon	[hoːn]	'she'
Finnish		hammas	[ˈhɑmːɑs]	'tooth'
French	Belgian	hotte	[hɔt]	'pannier'
Galician	Occidental, central, and some oriental dialects	gato	[ˈhätʊ]	'cat'
Georgian[5]		ჰავა/hava	[hɑvɑ]	'climate'
German[6]		Hass	[has]	'hatred'
Greek	Cypriot[7]	μαχαζί/mahazi	[mahaˈzi]	'shop'
Hawaiian[8]		haka	[ˈhɐkə]	'shelf'
Hebrew		הַר/har	[häʁ̞]	'mountain'
Hindi	Standard[1]	हम/ham	[ˈhəm]	'we'
Hmong		hawm	[haɨ̰]	'to honor'
Hungarian		helyes	[ˈhɛjɛʃ]	'right'
Irish		shroich	[hɾˠɪç]	'reached'
Italian	Tuscan[9]	i capitani	[iˌhäɸiˈθäːni]	'the captains'
Japanese		すはだ / suhada	[sɨᵝhada]	'bare skin'
Javanese		ꦩꦲ/Maha	[mɔhɔ]	The expert, Almighty one
Kabardian		тхылъхэ/ tkhyl"khė	[tχɪɬhɑ]	'books'
Khmer		ហឹរ / hœ̆r ចាស់ / chăs	[hər] [cah]	'spicy' 'old'
Korean		하루 / haru	[hɐɾu]	'day'
Lakota		ho	[ho]	'voice'
Lao		ຫ້າ/haa	[haː˧˩]	'five'
Leonese		guaje	[ˈwahe̞]	'boy'
Lezgian		гьек/g'ek	[hek]	'glue'
Limburgish	Some dialects[10][11]	hòs	[hɔːs]	'glove'
Luxembourgish[12]		hei	[hɑ̝ɪ̯]	'here'
Malay		hari	[hari]	'day'
Mutsun		hučekniš	[hut͡ʃɛkniʃ]	'dog'
Navajo		hastiin	[hàsd̥ìːn]	'mister'
Norwegian		hatt	[hɑtː]	'hat'
Pashto		هو/ho	[ho]	'yes'
Persian		هفت/haft	[hæft]	'seven'
Pirahã		hi	[hì]	'he'
Portuguese	Many Brazilian dialects[13]	marreta	[maˈhetɐ]	'sledgehammer'
	Most dialects	Honda	[ˈhõ̞dɐ]	'Honda'
	Minas Gerais (mountain dialect)	arte	[ˈahtʃ]	'art'
	Colloquial Brazilian[14][15]	chuvisco	[ɕuˈvihku]	'drizzle'
Romanian		hăț	[həts]	'bridle'
Scottish Gaelic		ro-sheòl	[ɾɔˈhɔːɫ]	'topsail'[16]
Serbo-Croatian	Croatian[17]	hmelj	[hmê̞ʎ̟]	'hops'
Spanish[18]	Andalusian and Extremaduran Spanish	higo	[ˈhiɣo̞]	'fig'
	Many dialects	obispo	[o̞ˈβ̞ihpo̞]	'bishop'
	Some dialects	jaca	[ˈhaka]	'pony'
Swedish		hatt	[ˈhatː]	'hat'
Sylheti		ꠢꠣꠝꠥꠇ/hamukh	[hamux]	'snail'
Thai		ห้า/haa	[haː˥˩]	'five'
Turkish		halı	[häˈɫɯ]	'carpet'
Ubykh		дуаха	[dwaha]	'prayer'
Ukrainian		кігті	[ˈkiht⁽ʲ⁾i]	'claws'
Urdu	Standard[1]	ہم/ham	[ˈhəm]	'we'
Vietnamese[19]		hiểu	[hjew˧˩˧]	'understand'
Welsh		haul	[ˈhaɨl]	'sun'
West Frisian		hoeke	[ˈhukə]	'corner'
Yi		ꉐ / hxa	[ha˧]	'hundred'

Notes

Thelwall (1990:38)
Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003:24)
Grønnum (2005:125)
Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
Kohler (1999:86–87)
Arvaniti (1999:175)
Ladefoged (2005:139)
Hall (1944:75)
Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
Peters (2006:117)
Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
Barbosa & Albano (2004:5–6)
(in Portuguese) Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese Archived 2013-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
(in Portuguese) Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
"ro-sheòl". www.faclair.com. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
Landau et al. (1999:68)
Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
Thompson (1959:458–461)

References

Arvaniti, Amalia (1999), "Cypriot Greek" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 173–178, doi:10.1017/S002510030000654X, S2CID 163926812, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-06, retrieved 2022-02-22
Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica. 21 (2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. doi:10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860.
Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307, S2CID 145635698
Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon, eds. (2003), A grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017683-1
Kohler, Klaus (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Laufer, Asher (1991), "Phonetic Representation: Glottal Fricatives", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 91–93, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004448, S2CID 145231104
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). A Greek Grammar for Colleges. American Book Company. Retrieved 1 January 2014 – via CCEL.
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
Wright, Joseph; Wright, Elizabeth Mary (1925). Old English Grammar (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.

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[Thelwall-1] Thelwall (1990:38)

[2] Dum-Tragut (2009:13)

[3] Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003:24)

[gr125-4] Grønnum (2005:125)

[5] Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)

[6] Kohler (1999:86–87)

[7] Arvaniti (1999:175)

[8] Ladefoged (2005:139)

[hall-9] Hall (1944:75)

[10] Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)

[11] Peters (2006:117)

[12] Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)

[13] Barbosa & Albano (2004:5–6)

[14] (in Portuguese) Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese Archived 2013-07-07 at the Wayback Machine

[15] (in Portuguese) Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-12-15 at the Wayback Machine

[16] "ro-sheòl". www.faclair.com. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

[Landau68-17] Landau et al. (1999:68)

[18] Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)

[19] Thompson (1959:458–461)