Voiced velar plosive

The voiced velar stop is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨g⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨g⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "g" in gear and grow.

Voiced velar plosive
ɡ
IPA number110
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɡ
Unicode (hex)U+0261
X-SAMPAg
Kirshenbaumg
Sound
 

Features
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
  • The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is velar. This means that this sound is produced with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is stop, or plosive. This means that this sound is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. (The term plosive contrasts with nasal stops, where the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.)See also: Voiced uvular lateral fricative

Examples
LanguageWordIPAMeaning
Abkhazажыга/ažyga[aˈʐəɡa]'shovel'
AdygheShapsugгьэгуалъэ/g'ègwal"èaudio speaker icon[ɡʲaɡʷaːɬa] 'toy'
Temirgoyчъыгы/ č"ygyaudio speaker icon[t͡ʂəɡə] 'tree'
Albaniangomar[ˈɡomaɾ]'donkey'
Arabic[1] Moroccan أݣادير‎/'agaadiir [ʔaɡaːdiːr] 'Agadir'
Tunisian ڨفصة‎‎/gafs'a audio speaker icon[ɡɑfsˤɑ] 'Gafsa'
Hejaziقمر/gamar[ɡamar]'moon'
Najdi [ɡəmar]
Sa'idi [ɡɑmɑr]
Yemeniقال/gaal[gæːl]'(he) said'
جمل/gamal [gæmæl] 'camel'
Egyptian راجل/raagel [ˈɾɑːɡel] 'man'
ArmenianEastern[2]գանձ/gançaudio speaker icon[ɡɑndz] 'treasure'
Assyrianܓܢܐ ɡana[ɡaːna]'self'
Azerbaijaniqara[ɡɑɾɑ]'black'
Basquegaldu[ɡaldu]'lose'
Bengaliগান/gan[ɡan]'song'
Bulgarianгора/gora[ɡora]'forest'
Catalan[3]guant[ˈɡwɑnt]'glove'
ChineseSouthern Min我/ góa[ɡua]'I'
Wu狂/ woã[ɡuɑ̃]'crazy'
Xiang共/ wong[ɡoŋ]'together'
Chechenговр/govr[ɡovr]'horse'
Czechgram[ɡram]'gram'
DutchAll dialectszakdoekaudio speaker icon[ˈzɑɡduk] 'tissue'
Standard[4]
Many speakersgoalaudio speaker icon[ɡoːɫ] 'goal'
Amelandsgoëd[ɡuə̯t]'good'
Englishgaggle[ˈɡæɡɫ̩]'gaggle'
Esperantobongusta[bonˈgusta]'tasty'
Filipinogulo[ɡulɔ]'commotion'
French[5]gain[ɡɛ̃]'earnings'
Georgian[6]გული/guli[ˈɡuli]'heart'
GermanLüge[ˈlyːɡə]'lie'
Greekγκάρισμα / gkárisma[ˈɡɐɾizmɐ]'donkey's bray'
Gujaratiગાવું/gāvu[gaːʋʊ̃]'to sing'
Hebrewגב/gav[ɡav]'back'
Hindustaniगाना / گانا[ɡɑːnɑː]'song'
Hungarianengedély[ɛŋɡɛdeːj]'permission'
Irishgaineamh[ˈɡanʲəw]'sand'
Italian[7]gare[ˈɡäːre]'competitions'
Japanese[8]外套 / gaitō[ɡaitoː]'overcoat'
KabardianBaslaneyгьанэ/ k'anėaudio speaker icon[ɡʲaːna] 'shirt'
Kagayanen[9]kalag[kað̞aɡ]'spirit'
Khmerហ្គាស / hkas[gaːh]'gas'
Korean메기 / megi[meɡi]'catfish'
Lithuaniangarai[ɡɐrɐɪ̯ˑ]'steam'
Macedonianгром/grom[ɡrɔm]'thunder'
Malayguni[ɡuni]'sack'
Marathiगवत[ɡəʋət]'grass'
Nepaliगाउँ[ɡä̃ũ̯]'village'
Norwegiangull[ɡʉl]'gold'
Odiaଗଛ/gacha[ɡɔtʃʰɔ]'tree'
Persianگوشت/gušt[guʃt]'meat'
Polish[10]gminaudio speaker icon[ɡmʲin̪] 'plebs'
Portuguese[11]língua[ˈɫĩɡwɐ]'tongue'
Punjabiਗਾਂ/gaa[ɡɑ̃ː]'cow'
Romanian[12]gând[ɡɨnd]'thought'
Russian[13]голова/golovaaudio speaker icon[ɡəɫɐˈva] 'head'
Serbo-Croatian[14]гост / gost[gȏ̞ːs̪t̪]'guest'
Slovakmiazga[ˈmjäzɡä]'lymph'
Somaligaabi[ɡaːbi]'to shorten'
Spanish[15]gato[ˈɡät̪o̞]'cat'
Swahiligiza[ˈɡīzɑ]'darkness'
Swedishgod[ɡuːd̪]'tasty'
Turkishsalgın[säɫˈɡɯn]'epidemic'
Ukrainian[16]ґанок/g̀anok[ˈɡɑn̪ok]'porch'
Welsh gwyn [ɡwɪn] or [ɡwɨ̞n] 'white'
West Frisiangasp[ɡɔsp]'buckle' (n.)
Yiꈨ / gge[ɡɤ˧]'hear'
ZapotecTilquiapan[17]gan[ɡaŋ]'will be able'

Notes
  1. Watson (2002), pp. 16–17.
  2. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  3. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  5. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  6. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  7. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  8. Okada (1999), p. 117.
  9. Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  10. Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  11. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  12. DEX Online :
  13. Padgett (2003), p. 42.
  14. Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  15. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  16. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  17. Merrill (2008), p. 108.

References
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296, S2CID 38504322{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
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