Voiced alveolar trill

The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonant. It is found in some spoken languages. It is usually called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. The International Phonetic Alphabet letter for this sound is ⟨r⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is r.

Alveolar trill
r
IPA number122
Encoding
Entity (decimal)r
Unicode (hex)U+0072
X-SAMPAr
Kirshenbaumr<trl>
Sound
 
"Alveolar trill" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, see Voiceless alveolar trill. For the raised consonant, see Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill.

Dictionaries of languages like English and German sometimes use the symbol ⟨r⟩. They have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. This is because typing the letter r is easier.

In many Indo-European languages, this sound is sometimes an allophone of the alveolar tap [ɾ]. This happens especially in unstressed syllables. Some languages like Catalan, Spanish, Albanian and some Portuguese treat these as two different sounds.

Features
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
  • The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is trill. This means that this sound is produced by directing air over the articulator so that it vibrates.

Examples
LanguageWordIPAMeaning
Arabicرأس[rɑʔs]'head'
Dutchroodaudio speaker icon[roːt] 'red'
EnglishScottishcurd[kʌrd]'curd'
Frenchsouthern France and Corsicarouge[ruʒ]'red'
Germansome dialectsSchmarrnaudio speaker icon[ʃmaːrn] 'nonsense'
Hindiघर[ɡʱər]'house'
Italian[1]terra[ˈtɛrra]'earth'
MalayStandardarah[arah]'direction'
Russian[2]играть[ɪˈɡr̠atʲ]'to play'
Spanish[3]perro[ˈpe̞ro̞]'dog'


References
  1. Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628, S2CID 232345223
  2. Skalozub, Larisa (1963), Palatogrammy i Rentgenogrammy Soglasnyx Fonem Russkogo Literaturnogo Jazyka, Izdatelstvo Kievskogo Universiteta; cited in Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
  3. Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373, S2CID 232344066
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