dun

• IPA^(key): /dʌn/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• (Northern England) IPA^(key): /dʊn/}
• Rhymes: -ʌn
• Homophones: done, Donn, Donne, Dunn, Dunne

From Middle English dun, dunne, from Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”), from Proto-Germanic *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”), Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”), Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”).

Alternative etymology derives the Old English word from Brythonic (compare Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)), from Proto-Celtic *dusnos (compare Old Irish donn), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (compare Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)). More at dusk.

dun (usually uncountable, plural duns)

1. A brownish grey colour.

   dun:  

   Synonym: claybank

dun (not comparable)

1. Of a brownish grey colour.
   • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene v], page 134, column 2, lines 48–49:

     Come, thick Night,
     And pall thee in the dunneſt ſmoake of Hell,
     That my keene Knife ſee not the Wound it makes,
     Nor Heauen peepe through the Blanket of the darke,
     To cry, hold, hold.

   • 1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 130”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […]‎, London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

     My Miſtres eyes are nothing like the Sunne,
     Currall is farre more red, then her lips red,
     If ſnow be white, why then her breſts are dun:
     If hairs be wiers, black wiers grow on her head: [...]

   • 1827, [John Keble], “Twenty-third Sunday after Trinity”, in The Christian Year: Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and Holydays throughout the Year, volume II, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [B]y W. Baxter, for J. Parker; and C[harles] and J[ohn] Rivington, […], →OCLC, page 85:

     Red o'er the forest glows the setting sun, / The line of yellow light dies fast away / That crown'd the eastern copse, and chill and dun / Falls on the moor the brief November day.

   • 2007 September 25, Bungie, Halo 3, Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360, level/area: Terminal One (Legendary):

     Where is the nobility in these streets paved with greasy carbon and dun ash?

• bawn
• durmast oak
• Appendix:Colors

Unknown; perhaps a variant of din. Several sources suggest origin from Joe Dun, the name of a bailiff known for arresting debtors, but this is controversial.

dun (plural duns)

1. (countable) A collector of debts, especially one who is insistent and demanding.
   • 1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 162–163:

     "The truth is, Mr. Curl, I cannot write when I am plagued about trifles; and a tiresome dun this morning put to flight every idea that I had in the world."
     "Mr. Maynard," said the bookseller, in a solemn tone, "it is very wrong to run in debt."

   • 1889 [1712], John Arbuthnot, The History of John Bull, London: Cassell & Co., →OCLC, page 71:

     Look ye, gentlemen, I have lived with credit in the world, and it grieves my heart never to stir out of my doors but to be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun or other.

   • 1933 January 9, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], chapter XVIII, in Down and Out in Paris and London, London: Victor Gollancz […], →OCLC:

     Melancholy duns came looking for him at all hours.

   • 1970, John Glassco, Memoirs of Montparnasse, New York, published 2007, page 102:

     ‘Frank's worried about duns,’ she said as the butler went away.

2. An urgent request or demand of payment.
   • 1842, A.B.G., “Errata”, in Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate, volume 13, →OCLC, page 251:

     Miss Hoppin received a dun for volume 9 1840–1 which Mr. James McConnell, (who now pays the above) is sure was paid.

dun (third-person singular simple present duns, present participle dunning, simple past and past participle dunned)

1. (transitive) To ask or beset a debtor for payment.
   • 1768, Jonathan Swift, The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, London: C. Bathurst, →OCLC, Miscellanies in Verse, page 309:

     And hath she sent so soon to dun?

   • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volumes (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:
     Folio Society 1973, p. 577:

     Of all he had received from Lady Bellaston, not above five guineas remained and that very morning he had been dunned by a tradesman for twice that sum.

2. (transitive) To harass by continually repeating e.g. a request.
   • 1940, Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, Penguin, published 2010, page 107:

     Rich bitches who had to be dunned for their milk bills would pay him right now.

• dun letter

Uncertain; likely from the color.

dun (plural duns)

1. (countable) A newly hatched, immature mayfly; a mayfly subimago.
   • 1966, John Harris, An Angler's Entomology, New York: Barnes, →OCLC, page 16:

     Also, duns are dull and generally sober colored, whilst spinners are more brightly colored and shining and their wings are clear and transparent.

2. (countable, fishing) A fly made to resemble the mayfly subimago.
   • 1676, Charles Cotton, The Compleat Angler. Being Instructions how to Angle for a Trout or Grayling in a Clear Stream, London: Richard Marriott, and Henry Brome, →OCLC, March, page 59:

     We have besides for this Month a little Dun call'd a whirling Dun (though it is not the whirling Dun indeed, which is one of the best Flies we have) and for this the dubbing must be of the bottom fur of a Squirrels tail and the wing of the grey feather of a Drake.

• subimago

From Irish dún or Scottish Gaelic dùn, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“fortress”). Cognate with Welsh dinas (“city”). Doublet of town.

• doon
• dún

dun (plural duns)

1. An ancient or medieval fortification; especially a hill-fort in Scotland or Ireland.
   • 1858, Henry MacLauchlan, Memoir written during a survey of the Roman Wall, through the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland, in the years 1852-1854, London: Printed for private circulation, →OCLC, page 9:

     Pampedun, or Pandon, was probably a place of residence from the earliest times; its sheltered situation for boats, and proximity to the ancient way over the river, protected perhaps by a dun or camp, on the height above [...] possibly gave origin to the ancient name of the place, Pampedun, from the British pant, a hollow, and dun, a fort or camp, Pant-y-dun.

2. (archaeology) A structure in the Orkney or Shetland islands or in Scotland consisting of a roundhouse surrounded by a circular wall; a broch.
   • 2013, T.J. Clarkson, The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings, Edinburgh: Birlinn, →ISBN:

     Smaller than the broch was the dun, another type of stone-built 'roundhouse'.

See do.

dun

1. (nonstandard, informal) Eye dialect spelling of done: past participle of do

   Now, ya dun it!

   • 1895 May, S.L.N. Foote, “Correspondence”, in International Journal of Medicine and Surgery‎, volume 8, retrieved 2016–10–13, page 194:

     ...a wise old lady exclaimed, "Why Mrs. M. warn't you orful skeerd wunst when you seed a dog fight? [...] an that ere big yaller dog bit orf your baby's hand that minit; in cors he dun it, so now that settles it."

   • 2001 April 1, Robert Frost, Poems by Robert Frost: A Boy's Will and North of Boston‎, Penguin, →ISBN, →OCLC:

     “Oh, Because I want their dollar.
     I don't want Anything they've not got. I never dun.
     I'm there, and they can pay me if they like.
     I go nowhere on purpose: I happen by.
     Sorry there is no cup to give you a drink. […]

2. (nonstandard, informal) Pronunciation spelling of don't: contraction of do + not.
   • 1901, Gilbert Parker, The Right of Way, New York and London: Harper, →OCLC:

     Fwhere's he come from, I dun'no'. French or English, I dun'no'. But a gintleman born, I know.

Likely from the color of fish so prepared.

dun (third-person singular simple present duns, present participle dunning, simple past and past participle dunned)

1. (transitive, dated) To cure, as codfish, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with saltgrass or a similar substance.
   • 1832, James Thacher, History of Plymouth; from its first settlement in 1620, to the year 1832, Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, →OCLC, page 317:

     Dun-fish are of a superior quality for the table, and are cured in such a manner as to give them a dun or brownish color. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and sometimes February, at the Isle of Shoals.

See dune.

dun (plural duns)

1. A mound or small hill.

Imitative.

dun

1. Imitating a deep bass note, such as that found in suspenseful music.
   • 2009, Carrie Tucker, I Love Geeks: The Official Handbook, Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media, →ISBN:

     How would you deal with that power? (Dun, dun, DUN! Insert dramatic music here.)

   • 2015, Lisa Dombrowski, The Films of Samuel Fuller: If You Die, I’ll Kill You, page 113:

     Dun, dun! Dun, dun! As the music continues, the long shot of Griff's walk is broken down into repeating tight shots of his face, his legs, and his shifting point of view of Brockie.

   • 2016, Helen Russell, Leap Year: How small steps can make a giant difference:

     'DUN DUN DUN DUN-DUN-DUN-DUN! DUN DUN DUN DUNDUN-DUN-DUN... PRESSURE!' By 2.05 a.m. I am Very Awake Indeed and the catastrophising continues.

   • 2020, Spencer Hamilton, The Fear: A Pandemic Horror Novel:

     Whenever that iconic riff in the score cued up—Dun dun ... dun dun ... dun dun dun dun dun-dun-dun-dun ... —Jack's heart would race, and she'd feel the fear on her skin.

• dun dun dun

dun (plural duns)

1. Alternative form of dhoon (“Himalayan valley”)

• “dun”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

• DNU, und

• IPA^(key): [dũ˦]

dun

1. to eat

• 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

• IPA^(key): /dun/ [d̪ũn]
• Rhymes: -un
• Hyphenation: dun

dun

1. Informal second-person singular feminine (hik), taking third-person singular (hura) as direct object, present indicative form of izan.
2. Feminine allocutive form of da.

Linguistically, this verb form can be seen as belonging to the reconstructed citation form edun instead of izan.

From Old Norse dúnn (“down”).

• IPA^(key): /duːn/, [d̥uːˀn]

dun n (singular definite dunet, plural indefinite dun)

1. down (soft, immature feathers)

• “dun” in Den Danske Ordbog
• “dun” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog
• dun on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^da

• IPA^(key): /dʏn/

• Audio

  (file)

• Hyphenation: dun
• Rhymes: -ʏn
• Homophone: Dun

From Middle Dutch dunne, from Old Dutch *thunni, from Proto-West Germanic *þunnī, from Proto-Germanic *þunnuz. Cognate with English thin (Compare West-Flemish thinne).

dun (comparative dunner, superlative dunst)

1. thin, slender
2. sparse
3. (liquid) runny

• dicht, dik

• Afrikaans: dun
• Berbice Creole Dutch: doni
• Negerhollands: dun, din
• → Aukan: deni, doin

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

dun

1. inflection of dunnen:
   1. first-person singular present indicative
   2. imperative

From de (“of”) + un (“masculine singular indefinite article”).

dun m (feminine dunha, masculine plural duns, feminine plural dunhas)

1. Contraction of de un. From a; of a

• “dun, dunha”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, since 2012

• duhn

Borrowed from Low German duun.

• IPA^(key): /duːn/

• Audio

  (file)

dun (strong nominative masculine singular duner, comparative duner, superlative am dunsten)

1. (colloquial, chiefly Northern Germany) drunk
   • 1998, “Du (äh, Du)”, in Power, performed by Fischmob:

     Ich war dun die Nacht
     Und hatte mit chemischen Drogen aus Amerika herumexperimentiert
     Bis ich das Bewußtsein verlor

     I was drunk that night / and had experimented with synthetic drugs from America / until I lost consciousness

• “dun” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
• “dun” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
• “dun” in Duden online

Inherited from Central Franconian dun, from Middle High German duon, from Old High German duon, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-.[1]

Cognate with German tun, Kölsch dunn and Luxembourgish doen.

• IPA^(key): /tuːn/, /toːn/
• Rhymes: -uːn, -oːn
• Hyphenation: dun

dun

1. (auxiliary, with an infinitive) will; to be going (to do something); forms the future tense

   Ich dun das mache.

   I will do that.

2. (auxiliary, with an infinitive) to be; forms the progressive aspect

   Was dun-se mache.

   What are they doing.

3. (transitive, with an accusative object) to put, to place, to add

   Synonym: stelle

   Du mol en bissje Eis in de Suco.

   Put some ice in the juice.

4. (intransitive, with an accusative object) to do

   Heit hon-ich nichs se dun.

   I have nothing to do today.

From Proto-North Sarawak *daqun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun (compare Malay daun).

dun

1. leaf

dun

1. Nonstandard spelling of dūn.
2. Nonstandard spelling of dǔn.
3. Nonstandard spelling of dùn.

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

From Old Norse dúnn.

dun f or m (definite singular duna or dunen, indefinite plural duner, definite plural dunene)
dun n (definite singular dunet, indefinite plural dun, definite plural duna or dunene)

1. down (soft, fine fluffy feathers)

• “dun” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “dun” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

From Old Norse dúnn m.

dun f or n (definite singular duna or dunet, indefinite plural duner or dun, definite plural dunene or duna)

1. down (soft, fine fluffy feathers)

• “dun” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

From Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, *dūnā (“sand dune”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”); or alternatively a late borrowing from Proto-Celtic *dūnom from the same Proto-Indo-European source.

• IPA^(key): /duːn/

dūn f

1. hill, mountain

• ofdūne

• Middle English: doun, doune
  • English: down
  • Scots: doun, down

From Latin donum.

• IPA^(key): /dun/

dun oblique singular, m (oblique plural duns, nominative singular duns, nominative plural dun)

1. (Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of don
   • c. 1150, Turoldus, La Chanson de Roland:

     E tute Espaigne tendrat par vostre dun

     And all of Spain he will hold as your gift

dun

1. Alternative form of don (“to/for the”)

From Old Norse dúnn (“down”).

• IPA^(key): /dʉːn/

dun n

1. down (soft, fine fluffy feathers)

• dun in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

Borrowed from German tun and English do.

• IPA^(key): /dun/

dun (nominative plural duns)

1. deed, action, act, doing

• dunön

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /dɨ̞n/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /dɪn/

dun

1. Soft mutation of tun (“tin”).

dun (definite form dun bi)

1. island

Cognates include Itsekiri yọ̀n, Olukumi yọ̀n, Ifè ɖɔ̃̀. Likely from the same root as yọ̀n and the /y/ alternatives.

• IPA^(key): /dũ̀/

dùn

1. to be sweet, to be pleasant

• it induces a high tone syllable when followed by another verb, becoming dùn-ún and subcategorizes an embedded clause.

• IPA^(key): /dũ̀/

dùn

1. to hurt, to be painful (physically)

   egbò ń dùn mí ― The ulcer is hurting me

2. to be painful (mentally)

   ó dùn mí pé ó kú ― It pained me that she died

• dun before a direct object

• ìdùn
• adùn (“pain”)

• IPA^(key): /dṹ/

dún

1. (transitive) to emit a sound

   ẹyẹ yìí dún ― This bird made a sound

• ìdún (“sonority”)
• adún (“sonorous”)