< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʷʰer-

  1. warm, hot

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷʰer-‎ (23 c, 0 e)
  • *gʷʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)
    • Proto-Albanian: *džera, *džernja
    • Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō
      • Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō), θέρομαι (théromai)
  • *gʷʰr̥-néw-ti ~ *gʷʰr-n̥w-énti (nu-present)[1][2]
    • Proto-Armenian:
    • Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (perhaps via *gʷʰrn̥w- > *brunw- followed by reanalysis of the ablaut) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti
  • *gʷʰi-gʷʰér-ti ~ *gʷʰi-gʷʰr-énti (reduplicated present)
  • *gʷʰe-gʷʰór-e ~ *gʷʰe-gʷʰr-ḗr (perfect)[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʷʰor-éye-ti (causative)[1]
  • *gʷʰr-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)[1]
    • Proto-Albanian: *grāja
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei
      • Proto-Slavic: *grěti (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō
      • Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)
  • *gʷʰér-os ~ *gʷʰér-es-os[2]
  • *gʷʰér-mn̥ (the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”))
    • Proto-Armenian:
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *bermô (“yeast, barm”) (< *gʷʰér-mō) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Italic: *fermentom (< *gʷʰér-men-tom)
      • Latin: fermentum (“fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʷʰer-mó-s[5][6][7]
  • *gʷʰor-mó-s[6][7]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garmas
    • Proto-Germanic: *warmaz (perhaps) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *formos
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰarmás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰarmás
      • Proto-Iranian: *garmáh
        • Central Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (garəma)
        • Northeastern Iranian:
          • Khotanese: [script needed] (garma-)
        • Western Iranian:
          • Northwestern Iranian:
          • Southwestern Iranian:
  • *gʷʰor-nó-s[9]
    • Proto-Celtic:
  • *gʷʰr̥-nó-s[9][10]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas
      • Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ, *gъrno (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥nás
        • Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá)[4] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *ɣʷornos[9]

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 219-220
  2. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θέρομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 542-543
  3. Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0379.
  4. Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 379.
  5. Demiraj, B. (1997) “zjarm”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 429
  6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “formus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235
  7. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θερμός [m.]”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 541-542
  8. Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 376.
  9. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fornus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235
  10. Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gъrnъ / *gъrno”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 210
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