華夏

See also: 华夏

Chinese

		flourishing; illustrious	grand
trad. (華夏)		華	夏
simp. (华夏)		华	夏

Etymology

Attested in the Zuo Zhuan:

楚失華夏，則析公之為也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

楚失华夏，则析公之为也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

Chǔ shī Huáxià, zé Xī Gōng zhī wéi yě. [Pinyin]

That Chu lost the allegiance of the flourishing and grand ("華夏") central states was the doing of the lord of Xi.

A line in the Zuo Zhuan features the words 夏 (OC *ɡraːʔ) and 華 (OC *ɡʷraː) used in a parallel structure.

裔不謀夏，夷不亂華。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

裔不谋夏，夷不乱华。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

Yì bù móu xià, yí bù luàn huá. [Pinyin]

The borderers may not plot against the grand ("夏") domains; the aliens should not sow chaos among the flourishing ("華") peoples.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Huáxià

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): waa⁴ haa⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Fà-ha
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Hôa-hā / Hôa-hēe
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶gho-gho

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Huáxià
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Huásià
  - Wade–Giles: Hua²-hsia⁴
  - Yale: Hwá-syà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Hwashiah
  - Palladius: Хуася (Xuasja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ä³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: waa⁴ haa⁶
  - Yale: wàh hah
  - Cantonese Pinyin: waa⁴ haa⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: wa⁴ ha⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /waː²¹ haː²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Fà-ha
  - Hakka Romanization System: faˇ ha
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fa² ha⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fa¹¹ ha⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hôa-hā
  - Tâi-lô: Huâ-hā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoa'ha
  - IPA (Taipei): /hua²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hua²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hua²³⁻³³ ha³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hua²⁴⁻²² ha²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hôa-hēe
  - Tâi-lô: Huâ-hēe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hua¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶gho-gho
  - MiniDict: gho^去 gho
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hho-hho
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦo²² ɦo⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: hwae haeX

Rime
Character	華	夏
Reading #	1/3	1/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	麻 (99)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	戸花切	胡雅切
Baxter	hwae	haeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠua/	/ɦˠa^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷᵚa/	/ɦᵚa^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣua/	/ɣa^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwaɨ/	/ɦaɨ^X/
Li Rong	/ɣua/	/ɣa^X/
Wang Li	/ɣwa/	/ɣa^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣwa/	/ɣa^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huá	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	waa⁴	haa⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-qʷʰˤra [ɢ]ˤraʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷraː ɡraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	華	夏
Reading #	2/3	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huá	xià
Middle Chinese	‹ hwæ ›	‹ hæ^X ›
Old Chinese	/*N-qʷʰˁra/	/*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/
English	flower (v.); flowery (adj.)	great; pertaining to Chinese civilization
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	華	夏
Reading #	2/3	1/2
No.	5312	13452
Phonetic component	華	夏
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	華	下
Old Chinese	/*ɡʷraː/	/*ɡraːʔ/
Notes	說文於聲

Proper noun

華夏

(poetic, historical) Huaxia (the land of Chinese culture, particularly in ancient historical contexts, as distinguished from non-Chinese barbarians)
華夏古樂／华夏古乐 ― huáxià gǔyuè ― ancient music of the Chinese nation
China

Synonyms

(China):

中 (abbreviation)
中原 (Zhōngyuán)
中國／中国 (Zhōngguó)
中華／中华 (Zhōnghuá)
九州 (Jiǔzhōu)
唐山 (Tángshān)
域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)
天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)
天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)
支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)
猜拿 (cāiná) (transliteration of English China)
神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)
種花家／种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)
脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)
至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)
華／华 (abbreviation)
華夏／华夏 (Huáxià)
諸夏／诸夏 (Zhūxià)
諸華／诸华 (Zhūhuá)
赤縣／赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)
赤縣神州／赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)
震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)

Descendants

→ Lü: ᦩᦱᧉᦉᦱᧈ (xwaa²ṡaa¹)

Korean

Hanja in this term
華	夏

Noun

華夏 • (hwaha) (hangeul 화하)

Hanja form^? of 화하 (“China”).

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