暴虐

Chinese
 
sudden; violent; cruel
sudden; violent; cruel; to show or expose; to injure
 oppressive; tyrannical
trad. (暴虐) 暴 虐
simp. #(暴虐) 暴 虐

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 暴 虐
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Initial (聲) 並 (3) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 豪 (89) 藥 (107)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I III
Fanqie 薄報切 魚約切
Baxter bawH ngjak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /bɑuH/ /ŋɨɐk̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /bɑuH/ /ŋiɐk̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /bɑuH/ /ŋiɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /bawH/ /ŋɨak̚/
Li
Rong		 /bɑuH/ /ŋiak̚/
Wang
Li		 /bɑuH/ /ŋĭak̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /bʱɑuH/ /ŋi̯ak̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 bào yuè
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 bou6 joek6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 暴 虐
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 bào nüè
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ bawH › ‹ ngjak ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[b]ˁawk-s/ /*[ŋ](r)awk/
English violent cruel

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 暴 虐
Reading # 1/2 1/1
No. 330 9636
Phonetic
component		 暴 虐
Rime
group		 貌 藥
Rime
subdivision		 3 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 暴 虐
Old
Chinese		 /*boːwɢs/ /*ŋawɢ/

Adjective

暴虐

  1. brutal; tyrannical

Synonyms

Verb

暴虐

  1. (literary) to treat brutally; to maltreat

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (暴虐):

Japanese
Kanji in this term
暴 虐
ぼう
Grade: 5		 ぎゃく
Grade: S
goon on’yomi

Pronunciation

Adjective

暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく) • (bōgyaku) ←ぼうぎやく (bougyaku)?-na (adnominal 暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく)な (bōgyaku na), adverbial 暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく)に (bōgyaku ni))

  1. brutal; tyrannical

Inflection
Inflection of 暴虐
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 暴虐だろ ぼうぎゃくだろ bōgyaku daro
Continuative (連用形) 暴虐で ぼうぎゃくで bōgyaku de
Terminal (終止形) 暴虐だ ぼうぎゃくだ bōgyaku da
Attributive (連体形) 暴虐な ぼうぎゃくな bōgyaku na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 暴虐なら ぼうぎゃくなら bōgyaku nara
Imperative (命令形) 暴虐であれ ぼうぎゃくであれ bōgyaku de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 暴虐ではない
暴虐じゃない		 ぼうぎゃくではない
ぼうぎゃくじゃない		 bōgyaku de wa nai
bōgyaku ja nai
Informal past 暴虐だった ぼうぎゃくだった bōgyaku datta
Informal negative past 暴虐ではなかった
暴虐じゃなかった		 ぼうぎゃくではなかった
ぼうぎゃくじゃなかった		 bōgyaku de wa nakatta
bōgyaku ja nakatta
Formal 暴虐です ぼうぎゃくです bōgyaku desu
Formal negative 暴虐ではありません
暴虐じゃありません		 ぼうぎゃくではありません
ぼうぎゃくじゃありません		 bōgyaku de wa arimasen
bōgyaku ja arimasen
Formal past 暴虐でした ぼうぎゃくでした bōgyaku deshita
Formal negative past 暴虐ではありませんでした
暴虐じゃありませんでした		 ぼうぎゃくではありませんでした
ぼうぎゃくじゃありませんでした		 bōgyaku de wa arimasen deshita
bōgyaku ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 暴虐で ぼうぎゃくで bōgyaku de
Conditional 暴虐なら（ば） ぼうぎゃくなら（ば） bōgyaku nara (ba)
Provisional 暴虐だったら ぼうぎゃくだったら bōgyaku dattara
Volitional 暴虐だろう ぼうぎゃくだろう bōgyaku darō
Adverbial 暴虐に ぼうぎゃくに bōgyaku ni
Degree 暴虐さ ぼうぎゃくさ bōgyakusa

Noun

暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく) • (bōgyaku) ←ぼうぎやく (bougyaku)?

  1. brutality; tyranny

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean
Hanja in this term
暴虐

Noun

暴虐 • (pohak) (hangeul 포학)

  1. Hanja form? of 포학 (“tyranny; atrocity”).

Vietnamese
chữ Hán Nôm in this term
暴虐

Adjective

暴虐

  1. chữ Hán form of bạo ngược (“cruel; brutal; tyrannical”).
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