堆

堆	U+5806, 堆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5806

← 堅
[U+5805]

CJK Unified Ideographs

堇 →
[U+5807]

Translingual

Han character

堆 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土人土 (GOG), four-corner 4011₄, composition ⿰土隹)

Derived characters

𠼲𣼭𣊌𣙯𦟿𥊖𧐻𨄺𠐸𡳪𨬉𡓋𣙇𨄟𩅚

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 4

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5211

Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 6

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 454, character 4

Unihan data for U+5806

Chinese

simp. and trad.		堆

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (隹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
蜼	lus, rulʔ, *luls
堆	*tuːl
嵟	*tuːl
碓	*tuːls
推	tʰuːl, tʰjul
蓷	tʰuːl, tʰjul
陮	*duːlʔ
魋	*duːl
嶊	*stuːlʔ
崔	zluːl, sʰluːl
猚	ŋreːl, rulʔ
椎	*dul
顀	*dul
隹	*tjul
錐	*tjul
萑	*kljul
騅	*tjul
鵻	sɢʷinʔ, tjul
誰	*djul
脽	*djul

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːl) : semantic 土 + phonetic 隹 (OC *tjul).

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) takes its first appearance in Chu Ci as suggestive of foreign origin. Possibly related to:

Proto-Tai *C̥.doːjᴬ (“mountain”) (whence Thai ดอย (dɔɔi), Saek [script needed] (rɔ:jᴬ¹), Zhuang ndoi)
Proto-Hmong-Mien *glaɨᴰ (“mountain”), or
Austroasiatic, e.g. Middle Mon [script needed] (duiw, “hill, hilltop”)

Possibly connected with 屯 (OC *duːn).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): duī (dui¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄟ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): dui¹
Cantonese (Jyutping): deoi¹, zeoi¹
Gan (Wiktionary): dui¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): tôi

(Meixian, Guangdong): doi¹
Jin (Wiktionary): dui¹ / zui¹
Northern Min (KCR): dó
Eastern Min (BUC): dŏi
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): tui / tu

(Teochew, Peng'im): dui¹ / du¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹te
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dei¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: duī
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: duei
  - Wade–Giles: tui¹
  - Yale: dwēi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duei
  - Palladius: дуй (duj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: dui¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: dui
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuei⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: deoi¹, zeoi¹
  - Yale: dēui, jēui
  - Cantonese Pinyin: doey¹, dzoey¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: dêu¹, zêu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡sɵy̯⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: dui¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tui⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tôi
  - Hakka Romanization System: doi´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: doi¹
  - Sinological IPA: /toi̯²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: doi¹
  - Sinological IPA: /toɪ⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: dui¹ / zui¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuei¹¹/, /t͡suei¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /to⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dŏi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tøy⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tui
  - Tâi-lô: tui
  - Phofsit Daibuun: duy
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tui⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tui³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tu
  - Tâi-lô: tu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dw
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tu³³/

Note:

tui - literary;
tu - vernacular.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dui¹ / du¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tui / tu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tui³³/, /tu³³/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ¹te
  - MiniDict: te^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹te
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /te⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: dei¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /te̞i̯³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 堆
Mandarin	Beijing	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/tuei²¹/
	Jinan	/tuei²¹³/ /t͡suei²¹³/
	Qingdao	/tue²¹³/ /t͡sue²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/tuei²⁴/
	Xi'an	/tuei²¹/
	Xining	/tuɨ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/tuei³¹/
	Ürümqi	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/tei⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/tuəi³¹/
	Hefei	/te²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tuei¹¹/ /t͡suei¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡suei¹³/ /tuæ¹³/
	Hohhot	/tuei³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/te⁵³/
	Suzhou	/te̞⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/tui³³/
	Wenzhou	/tai³³/
Hui	Shexian	/tɛ³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/tə¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/tei³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/təi³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/tui⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/toi⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/toi²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tøy⁵³/
	Nanning	/tui⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/tøy⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/tui⁵⁵/ /tu⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/tøy⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/to⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/tui³³/ /tu³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ʔdui²³/

Middle Chinese: twoj

Rime
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	灰 (42)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	都回切
Baxter	twoj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/tuoi/
Shao Rongfen	/tuɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twəj/
Li Rong	/tuᴀi/
Wang Li	/tuɒi/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	duī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	deoi¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.tˤuj/

(Zhengzhang): /*tuːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	duī
Middle Chinese	‹ twoj ›
Old Chinese	/*C.tˁuj/
English	heap; mound
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
No.	17705
Phonetic component	隹
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	磓
Old Chinese	/*tuːl/
Notes	見史記

Definitions

堆

heap; pile; mound
垃圾堆 ― lājī duī ― trash pile
(computing) heap
堆分配 ― duī fēnpèi ― heap allocation
to pile up; to stack up
Classifier for objects organised in piles: pile; lump; heap; clump; mound
一堆垃圾 ― yī duī lājī ― a pile of trash
mound (usually in placenames)
- 踰隴堆兮渡漠，過桂車兮合黎。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  逾陇堆兮渡漠，过桂车兮合黎。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE
  Yú Lǒngduī xī dù mò, guò Guìchē xī Hélí. [Pinyin]
  I crossed the Long mounds then traversed the desert, passed underneath the foot of Gui-ju and He-li.
Alternative form of 䭔／𫗰 (duī)
used in 煎䭔／煎𫗰

Compounds

一堆 (yīduī)
三堆河 (Sānduīhé)
估堆兒／估堆儿
吉丟古堆／吉丢古堆
土堆 (tǔduī)
垃圾堆 (lājīduī)
堆下笑
堆垛
堆堆
堆子
堆山塞海
堆摞
堆放 (duīfàng)
堆棧／堆栈 (duīzhàn)
堆滿／堆满
堆焊
堆疊／堆叠 (duīdié)
堆砌 (duīqì)
堆碼／堆码
堆積／堆积 (duījī)
堆積如山／堆积如山 (duījīrúshān)
堆積平原／堆积平原
堆笑
堆紅／堆红
堆絹／堆绢
堆繡／堆绣
堆置
堆肥 (duīféi)
堆花
堆花燒酒／堆花烧酒
堆豗
堆貨／堆货
堆貯／堆贮
堆金
堆金積玉／堆金积玉
堆集 (duījí)
堆鴉／堆鸦
大堆
大陸隆堆／大陆隆堆
孤堆
扎堆 (zhāduī)
打灰堆
撲堆／扑堆
故紙堆／故纸堆 (gùzhǐduī)
是非堆
末子堆
桑堆 (Sāngduī)
歸裡包堆／归里包堆
泥堆
滿臉堆笑／满脸堆笑
滿面堆笑／满面堆笑
灩澦堆／滟滪堆 (Yànyùduī)
煎堆 (jiānduī)
狗屎堆 (gǒushǐduī)
瓊堆玉砌／琼堆玉砌
白龍堆／白龙堆
盤堆／盘堆
積玉堆金／积玉堆金
纍堆／累堆
草堆 (cǎoduī)
送作堆
離堆山／离堆山
雷堆
馬王堆／马王堆 (Mǎwángduī)
鬢若堆鴉／鬓若堆鸦
魁堆

Japanese

Kanji

堆

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

a river bank; a marine ridge, a marine bank

Readings

Go-on: たい (tai, Jōyō); て (te)
Kan-on: たい (tai, Jōyō)
Kan’yō-on: つい (tsui)
Kun: うずたかい (uzutakai, 堆い)

Compounds

堆積(たいせき) (taiseki)
堆(たい)肥(ひ) (taihi)

Korean

Hanja

堆 • (toe) (hangeul 퇴, revised toe, McCune–Reischauer t'oe)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

堆: Hán Nôm readings: đôi, chui, đồi, doi, nhoi, duôi, đòi

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.