堇

See also: 菫, 𦰩, 暵, 革, and 𦰌

堇	U+5807, 堇 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5807

← 堆
[U+5806]

CJK Unified Ideographs

堈 →
[U+5808]

Translingual

Japanese	𦰌∣菫
Simplified	堇
Traditional	堇/菫/蓳

Han character

堇 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 廿中手一 (TLQM), four-corner 4410₄, composition ⿱廿⿻口龶)

Derived characters

僅, 𠻨, 墐, 嫤, 𫹡, 慬, 㨷, 漌, 槿, 殣, 𰟐, 㹏, 瑾, 𬓑, 𥎊, 𥡣, 䌍, 螼, 謹(谨), 𡂬, 𮧧, 饉(馑), 騹(𬴆), 𩴗, 𡅸, 𪙟
𠞱, 勤, 鄞, 斳, 歏, 㝻, 𫮭, 覲(觐), 𭐅, 𩀤, 𩞎, 𪅀, 𫳱, 蓳, 𬔐, 䈽, 厪, 廑, 瘽, 𭶠

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5212
Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 7
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 450, character 2
Unihan data for U+5807

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 堇
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (堇) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
囏	*krɯːn
螼	kʰrɯnʔ, kʰrɯns
堇	ɡrɯn, kɯnʔ
墐	ɡrɯn, ɡrɯns
𥎊	*ɡrɯn
僅	*ɡrɯns
瑾	*ɡrɯns
覲	*ɡrɯns
殣	*ɡrɯns
饉	*ɡrɯns
廑	*ɡrɯns
瘽	ɡrɯns, ɡɯn, *ɡɯnʔ
歏	*ɡrɯns
鄞	ŋɡrɯn, ŋɡɯn
謹	*kɯnʔ
槿	*kɯnʔ
漌	*kɯnʔ
慬	kɯnʔ, ɡɯn
勤	*ɡɯn
懃	*ɡɯn
懄	*ɡɯn

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) — a person being burned in a sacrificial ceremony (Li Xueqin, 2012).

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		堇
alternative forms		䒺 ancient

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qín (qin²)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qín
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cín
  - Wade–Giles: chʻin²
  - Yale: chín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyn
  - Palladius: цинь (cinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

Middle Chinese: gin

Rime
Character	堇
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	眞 (44)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	巨巾切
Baxter	gin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡˠiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡᵚin/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡien/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gjin/
Li Rong	/ɡjĕn/
Wang Li	/ɡǐĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	kan⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]rə[r]/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堇
Reading #	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qín
Middle Chinese	‹ gin ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]rə[r]/
English	clay
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堇
Reading #	1/2
No.	6731
Phonetic component	堇
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	𥎊
Old Chinese	/*ɡrɯn/
Notes	甲金文象人交手恭立爲覲初文，再加土爲堇墐

Definitions

堇

(obsolete) clay

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 堇 *– see 蓳 (“Viola verecunda, a kind of violet.”).* (This character is the simplified and variant form of 蓳).
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 堇 – see 僅 (“only; merely; etc.”). (This character is an ancient form of 僅).

Compounds

堇堇 (jǐnjǐn)

Japanese

Shinjitai (extended)	𦰌
Kyūjitai	堇

Kanji

堇

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 𦰌)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

On (unclassified): きん (kin)
Kun: すみれ (sumire)

Korean

Hanja

堇 • (geun) (hangeul 근, revised geun, McCune–Reischauer kŭn)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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