See also: and
U+5047, 假
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5047

[U+5046]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5048]

Translingual

Stroke order
11 strokes
Japanese
Simplified
Traditional

Han character

(Kangxi radical 9, +9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人口卜水 (ORYE), four-corner 27247, composition )

Derived characters

  • 𠽙, 𪝪, 𫖄, 𦹜, 𣘟

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 110, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 835
  • Dae Jaweon: page 233, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 196, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5047

Chinese

simp. and trad.
2nd round simp. 𬽥
alternative forms
“to borrow”

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts



References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs) : semantic + phonetic (OC *kraːʔ).

Etymology

“to borrow; false”
The sense evolved in the following manner: "to borrow" > "simulate" > "deception; false".
Cognate with Tibetan ཀར་སྐྱིན (kar skyin, loan; thing borrowed). An allofam is probably (OC *kʷaːs, *ɡʷaːʔ, “to hire”).

Pronunciation 1


Note:
  • ké/kée - vernacular;
  • ká - literary.
    Note:
    • gê2 - vernacular;
    • gia2 - literary.
        • (Leizhou)
          • Leizhou Pinyin: ge2 / gia3
          • Sinological IPA: /kɛ³¹/, /kia²¹/
      Note:
      • ge2 - vernacular;
      • gia3 - literary.
        • Wu
          • (Shanghai):
            • Wugniu: 5ka; 5cia
            • MiniDict: ka; cia
            • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 2ka; 2jia
            • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ka³⁴/, /t͡ɕia³⁴/
        Note:
        • 2ka - vernacular;
        • 2jia - literary.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (98)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter kaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠaX/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen
/kaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kaɨX/
Li
Rong
/kaX/
Wang
Li
/kaX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kaX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiǎ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gaa2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jiǎ jiǎ
Middle
Chinese
‹ X › ‹ X ›
Old
Chinese
/*Cə.kˁraʔ/ /*kˁraʔ/
English borrow; false great

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 5955
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kraːʔ/

Definitions

  1. to lend; to borrow; to loan
    道伐虢   jiǎdàofáguó   to obtain safe passage to conquer the State of Guo
    以時日以时日   jiǎyǐshírì   as time goes by
  2. (archaic, historical, politics) acting
       jiǎwáng   Acting Prince
    丞相   jiǎchéngxiàng   Acting Chancellor
  3. to make use of
    思索   jiǎsīsuǒ   without hesitation
       jiǎjiè   to make use of; phonetic loan
  4. to disguise; to fake; to pretend
       jiǎzhuāng   to pretend
  5. forged; artificial; false
       jiǎhuò   counterfeit goods
    睫毛   jiǎjiémáo   false eyelash
    Antonym: (zhēn)
  6. falsehood; deception
       zhēnjiǎ   real and fake; authenticity
  7. if; assuming
       jiǎshè   to suppose
  8. a surname

Compounds

Descendants

  • Lingao: ke¹ (via Hainanese)

Pronunciation 2


Note:
  • Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taiwan:
    • kè - vernacular;
    • kà - literary.
      Note:
      • gê3 - vernacular;
      • gia2/gian2 - literary.
          • (Leizhou)
            • Leizhou Pinyin: ge3 / gia3
            • Sinological IPA: /kɛ²¹/, /kia²¹/
        Note:
        • ge3 - vernacular;
        • gia3 - literary.
          • Wu
            • (Shanghai):
              • Wugniu: 5ka
              • MiniDict: ka
              • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 2ka
              • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ka³⁴/
          • Xiang
            • (Changsha)
              • Wiktionary: jia3
              • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯a̠⁴¹/

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 假 (放)
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕia⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕia⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiɑ⁵³/
Jinan /t͡ɕia²¹/
Qingdao /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕia³¹²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕia¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕia¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕia⁴²/
Chengdu /t͡ɕia⁵³/
Guiyang /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Kunming /t͡ɕia̠²¹²/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡ɕia²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕia⁴⁵/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑ³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ka³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕiɑ⁵¹³/
/kɑ⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiɑ⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /ko⁴²/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕia³⁵/
Tunxi /kɔ³¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕia⁴¹/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕiɒ⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /kɑ²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /ka³¹/
Taoyuan /kɑ³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ka³³/
Nanning /kʰa³³/
Hong Kong /ka³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ka²¹/
/ke²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɑ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ka²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /kia⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kɛ³⁵/

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (98)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter kaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠaH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kaɨH/
Li
Rong
/kaH/
Wang
Li
/kaH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jià
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gaa3
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 5961
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kraːs/

Definitions

  1. vacation
       bìngjià   sick leave
       jià   holiday

Compounds

Pronunciation 3


Definitions

  1. Same as ().

Compounds

References

Japanese

Shinjitai

Kyūjitai

Kanji

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form )

  1. temporary
  2. interim
  3. assumed (name)
  4. informal

Readings

  • On (unclassified): (ka); (ke)
  • Kun: かり (kari)

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese (MC kaeX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 (Yale: {{{2}}})
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 (Yale: {{{2}}}) (Yale: {{{2}}})
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 (Yale: {{{2}}}) (Yale: {{{2}}})
Seokbong Cheonjamun, 1583 (Yale: {{{2}}}) (Yale: {{{2}}})

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun 거짓 (geojit ga))

  1. Hanja form? of (false, fake).
Compounds

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese / (MC hae).

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun (meol ha))

  1. (literary Chinese) Alternative form of (Hanja form? of (afar; distant).)

Etymology 3

From Middle Chinese / (MC kak|kaek).

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun 이를 (ireul gyeok))

  1. (literary Chinese) Alternative form of (Hanja form? of (to come; to arrive; to go to).)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Tày

Adjective

(transliteration needed)

  1. Nôm form of chá (fake).

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: giả[1][2][3], giá[1][2][4], hạ[4], [2]

  1. chữ Hán form of giả (false, fake).
  2. (only in compounds) chữ Hán form of giá, giả (if, assuming).

Compounds

References

  1. Thiều Chửu (1942).
  2. Nguyễn (1974).
  3. Trần (1999).
  4. Trần (2004).
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