< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂ep-[1][2]

  1. water, body of water

Alternative reconstructions

Usage notes
  • A root with nominal function only.
  • Unlike its neuter synonym *wódr̥, *h₂ep- is always gendered in descendants. This may reflect the same animate–inanimate (or semantically active–passive) distinction in early PIE that is often supposed for the nouns meaning “fire”, such as *h₁n̥gʷnís m and *péh₂wr̥ n respectively.

Synonyms

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ep- (water)‎ (28 c, 0 e)
  • *h₂ṓp-s ~ *h₂ép-s f (root noun)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ps (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *āp (“water, river”)[3]
      • Tocharian A: āp
      • Tocharian B: āp
  • *h₂ép-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés
    • Proto-Anatolian: [Term?] (“river”)[4]
      • Hittite: 𒄩𒉺𒀸 (ḫa-pa-aš, “river”, nom.sg.)
      • Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒉿 (ha-a-pi /⁠hāpi-, hāpa-⁠/), 𒄩𒀀𒉿𒅔𒉌 (ha-a-pi-in-ni /⁠hāpinna, hāpinni, habinni⁠/)
      • Lycian: 𐊜𐊂𐊀 (χba), 𐊜𐊂𐊀𐊆 (χbai, “to irrigate”)
      • Palaic: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-a-ap-na-aš /⁠hāpna-⁠/)
    • Proto-Celtic: *abū (“river”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *apô (“water sprite” → “ape, monkey”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *h₂ph₃n-éh₂
      • Proto-Albanian: *abnā
        • Albanian: amë (“spring, source of spring”)
    • ⇒ *h₂ph₃n-í-s
      • Italic:
      • Lusitanian: abnis
  • *h₂ep-sru-
  • *h₂ēp-eh₂
Unsorted formations
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: upe (“brook, river”)
    • Lithuanian: ùpė (“brook, river”)
    • Old Prussian: ape (< *apiā̃)
    • Old Prussian: apus (“spring”)
    • >? Proto-Slavic: *vapa

References
  1. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₂ep-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 311–317
  2. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “water”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 636: “*h₂ēp- ~ *h₂ep-”
  3. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “āp”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 46–47
  4. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫapa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 294–295
  5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “amnis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39

Root

*h₂ep-[1]

  1. to join, attach, fasten, fit
  2. ? to grab, snatch, get

Alternative reconstructions
  • *(s)h₂ep-

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ep- (join)‎ (1 c, 0 e)
  • *h₂ép-ti (athematic root present)
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒍣 (ḫa-ap-zi /⁠ḫaptsi⁠/, “to join, attach”) (stem ḫapp-)[2]
  • *h₂ép-e-ti (thematic root present)
    • Proto-Italic: *apō
  • *h₂p-i-?
  • *h₂op-éye-ti (“to make reach; to give”, causative)
    • >? Proto-Albanian: *apa (“to give”)[note 1] (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāpáyati[note 1]
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāpáyati
      • Proto-Iranian: *Hāpáyati
        • Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (apaiieiti)
  • *h₂ep-t- (progressive present)
  • *h₂(é)p-ye-ti (ye-present)
    • Proto-Italic: *apjō
  • *h₂ép-mn̥
  • >? *h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os (“joint; limb, member”, s-stem),[4][5] *h₂ép-s-os?
    • Proto-Anatolian:[2]
      • ⇒ Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬 (ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar /⁠ḫappeššar⁠/, “limb, joint, part of the body”)
      • Luwian: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭 (ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša, “limb, member”)
    • Proto-Armenian:[6]
      • >? Old Armenian: ափ (apʻ, “palm (of the hand); handful”)
        • Armenian: ափ (apʻ)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ápsos[3]
      • Ancient Greek: ἄψος (ápsos), ἅψος (hápsos, “joint; (pl.) limbs”)[note 2] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápsas (“protruding part of the body”)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápsas
        • Sanskrit: अप्सस् (apsas, “front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk”)
      • Proto-Iranian: *Hápsas
        • Ossetian: ӕфцӕг (æfcæg, “protruding part, neck”)
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian A: āpsā (“minor limbs”)
  • *h₂(e)p-tó-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *aptós
    • Proto-Italic: *aptos
      • Latin: aptus (“connected, fitting, fit, suitable”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Armenian:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Avestan: 𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈 (āfənte)
    • Proto-Italic: *apeks?
      • >? Latin: apex (see there for further descendants)

Notes
  1. Alternatively from *h₁ep-; compare Hittite 𒂊𒅁𒍣 (e-ep-zi /⁠ʔéptsi⁠/, “seizes”), 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pa-a-i /⁠pāi⁠/, “gives, hands over, pays”), and Latin co-epī (“I have started, undertaken”). Sense 2 of *h₂ep- is thus disputed.
  2. Initial h and root-final ph may both be analogical.

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂ep-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 269
  2. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫapp-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 293-294
  3. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἅπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 120
  4. Clackson, James (1994) The linguistic relationship between Armenian and Greek (Publications of the Philological Society; 30), Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell, page 98ff
  5. Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 180: “*h₂épes-”
  6. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 157–158
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