< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrem-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʰrem-[1][2][3]

  1. to roar, rumble
    Synonyms: *bʰrem-, *dʰwen-
  2. to thunder
    Synonym: *(s)tenh₂-

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰrem-‎ (7 c, 0 e)
  • *gʰrem-é-ti ~ *gʰr̥m-énti (root thematic present)[2]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrémō
  • *gʰé-gʰrem-ti ~ *gʰé-gʰr̥m-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)[2]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: gramė́ti (“to fall with a rumble”)
  • *gʰrém-ye-ti (ye-present)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámyati
      • Proto-Iranian: *grámyati
        • Sogdian:
          Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (ɣryntq /⁠ɣrintē⁠/, “to roar”, 3sg.dur.)
        • Middle Persian:
          • Persian: عارمیدان (ğarmîdan, “to thunder, roar, fly in a passion”)
          • Tajik: ғармидан (ġarmidan)
  • *gʰrom-éye-ti (eye-causative)[2][5]
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *gʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal-infix)
    • Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to roar”) (< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti[6]) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰr̥m-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)[2][7]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grimēˀtei[7]
      • Proto-Slavic: *grьměti (“to thunder, to roar”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰr̥m-éh₁-ye-ti[2]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: grumė́ti
  • *gʰr̥m-sḱé-ti
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥msćáti
      • Proto-Iranian: *gʰr̥mšáti
        • Sogdian: غړوم (ğṛum, “roar; rumble, peal of thunder”)
        • Persian: غرم (ğaram)
  • *ǵʰrem-no-s[8][4]
    • Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“grim, grimly, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. ghrem-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 458-459
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrem-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 204
  3. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 153: “PIE *ghrem- ‘growl, make a menacing noise’”
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χρεμετίζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1647
  5. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gramjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186: “*ghrom-éie-”
  6. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grimman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190: “*ghrém-n-e- or *ghr-én-m-e-”
  7. Derksen, Rick (2015) “*grumėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 190-191: “BSL *grimeʔ-; PIE *ghrm-eh₁-”
  8. Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “grim”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144: “*gʰremno-”
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