Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dwóh₁

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Numeral

**Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers**
< 1	2	3 >
Cardinal : dwóh₁ Ordinal* : h₂énteros Adverbial* : dwís Fractional* : sēmi Prefix* : *dwi-

*dwóh₁

two

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*dwóh₁	*dwéh₂h₁(e)
genitive	*?	*?
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*dwóh₁	—
vocative	—	*dwóh₁	—
accusative	—	*dwóh₁	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*dwéh₂h₁(e)	—
vocative	—	*dwéh₂h₁(e)	—
accusative	—	*dwéh₂h₁(e)	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*dwóy(h₁)	—
vocative	—	*dwóy(h₁)	—
accusative	—	*dwóy(h₁)	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—

Derived terms

*dwi- (compounds)
- >? *(h₁)wi-[1]
  - ⇒ *(h₁)wí-ter-o-s (“further apart”), *(h₁)wí-ter-o-m (adverbial accusative)
    - >? Latin: vitricus
    - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *witaras (< *(h₁)wi-tor-o-s)
      - Proto-Slavic: *vъtorъ (“second”) (see there for further descendants)
    - Proto-Germanic: *wiþrą (see there for further descendants)
    - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)wítaras, *(H)wítaram
      - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(H)wítaras, *(H)wítaram
        Sanskrit: वितर (vitará), वितरम् (vitarám, “further apart; further, again”)
      - Proto-Iranian: *(H)wítarah, *(H)wítaram
        Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (vītar^əm, “further”)
*dwi-gʰo-
- Proto-Albanian: *duaigā (< *dwoy-gʰ-eh₂)
  - Albanian: degë (“(forked) branch”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dweigas
  - Proto-Slavic: *dvigъ (“branch”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *dvigati (“to lift”)
- Proto-Germanic: *twīgą (“(forked) branch; twig”) (see there for further descendants)
*dwí-k-ō
- Proto-Germanic: *twihô
  - Proto-West Germanic: *twihō (“doubt”) (see there for further descendants)
*dwi-pl-o-s (“double”)
- Proto-Germanic: *twīflaz (“doubt”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: διπλόος (diplóos), δῐπλᾱ́ς (diplā́s)
    Attic Greek: δῐπλοῦς (diploûs)
    
    Ionic Greek: δῐπλέος (dipléos)
    - Greek: διπλός (diplós), δίπλα (dípla)
- Proto-Italic: *dwiplos
  - Latin: duplus (see there for further descendants)
*dwi-pl-o-m
- >? Milyan: 𐊗𐊂𐊆𐊓𐊍𐊚 (tbiplẽ)
*dwís (adverb)
*dwis-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: διά (diá), δια- (dia-); διαί (diaí); ζά (zá); δι’ (di’)
    - Greek: για (gia), διά (diá)
*dwi-sk-
- Proto-Germanic: *twisk(j)a- (“twofold”)
  - Old Saxon: twisk
  - Old High German: zuiski, zwisk
    - Middle High German: zwisc(h)
      - ⇒ German: zwischen
*dwi(s)-k-to- ?
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δισσός (dissós), δίχα (díkha), διχθά (dikhthá)
*dwis-no-
- Proto-Germanic: *twinaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *dwinos
  - Latin: bīnus (see there for further descendants)
*(d)wi-tyo-[1] (with dissimilation *d…t > *(h₁)…t)
- Proto-Italic: *witjom
  - Latin: vitium (see there for further descendants)
*dwoy-
- ⇒ Hittite: [script needed] (tāiuga, “two-year-old”)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: *երկե- (*erke-)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: երկերիւր (erkeriwr)
- *dwoy-os
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwajas
    - Proto-Slavic: *dъvojь
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: δοιός (doiós)
- *dwoy-om
  - Hittite: [script needed] (tān)
  - >? Luwian: [script needed] (tu-wa-na)
- *dwoy-o-mṓi-
  - Hittite: [script needed] (dam(m)ai-), [script needed] (tāmai-, “second, other”)

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *duwō (see there for further descendants)
Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (ta-)
- Luwian: [script needed] (tuwa/i-zi-)
- Milyan: 𐊗𐊂𐊆 (tbi)
- Lycian: 𐊋𐊂𐊆 (kbi)
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: երկու (erku), երկ (erk)
  - Armenian: երկու (erku), երկուս (erkus), երկուք (erkukʻ)
- Old Armenian: կրկին (krkin) (exact path of derivation disputed)
  - Armenian: կրկին (krkin)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *duwō (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *duwo (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *twai (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *dúwō (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwáH (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *duō (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: wu, we
- Tocharian B: wi

References

De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vitium”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 684

Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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[De_Vaan-1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vitium”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 684