< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ō

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Suffix

*(é)-ō m

  1. (productive) Forms so-called “individualizing” or “participant” nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient nouns from verbs.[1][2][3][4]
    ‎*gʷréh₂us (“heavy”) + ‎*-ō → ‎*gʷréh₂wō (“millstone”, literally “the heavy one”)
    ‎*tḗtḱti (“to create”) + ‎*-ō → ‎*tétḱō (“carpenter”, literally “one who creates”)
    ‎*(s)kérti (“to cut”) + ‎*-ō → ‎*(s)kérō (“meat”, literally “something cut”) (> Latin carō)[5]
  2. (rare) Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction.[1][2]
    ‎*h₂eḱs- + ‎*-ō → ‎*h₂éksō (“axis”) (> Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn))[6]
    ‎*meh₂k- + ‎*-ō → ‎*méh₂kō (“poppy”) (> Proto-Germanic *mōhô)[7]

Inflection
Athematic, amphikinetic
singular
nominative *(é)-ō
genitive *(Ø)-nés
singular dual plural
nominative *(é)-ō *(é)-onh₁(e) *(é)-ones
vocative *(é)-on *(é)-onh₁(e) *(é)-ones
accusative *(é)-onm̥ *(é)-onh₁(e) *(é)-onm̥s
genitive *(Ø)-nés *? *(Ø)-nóHom
ablative *(Ø)-nés *? *(Ø)-n̥mós
dative *(Ø)-néy *? *(Ø)-n̥mós
locative *(Ø)-én, *(Ø)-éni *? *(Ø)-n̥sú
instrumental *(Ø)-néh₁ *? *(Ø)-n̥mís

Descendants
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ō
    • Lithuanian: -uõ
    • Proto-Slavic: *-y (n-stem)
  • Proto-Celtic: *-ū
  • Proto-Germanic: *-ô (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ā
  • Proto-Italic:

Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-ō
  • *-Hō (Hoffmann's suffix)

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2011) The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 29
  2. Stüber, Karin (1998) The Historical Morphology of n-Stems in Celtic (Maynooth studies in Celtic linguistics; III), Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, →ISBN, page 90
  3. Stüber, Karin (2004) “Individualisierendes *-on- in Namen von Göttern und Göttinnen”, in International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction, volume 1, pages 1-17
  4. Lundquist, Jesse, Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2111
  5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “carō, carnis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 94
  6. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄξων”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  7. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*mōhan- ~ magan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
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