Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eḱs-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Perhaps an s-stem *h₂eǵ-os ~ *h₂ǵ-es-os, from *h₂eǵ- (“drive”).[1][2]

Noun

*h₂eḱs-[1][2][3]

axle, axis

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eḱs-‎ (10 c, 0 e)

*h₂eḱs-eh₂[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *ahsō (see there for further descendants)
*h₂eḱs-i-s[5][6][4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśís (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *aksis[7]
  - Latin: axis (see there for further descendants)
*h₂eḱs-(i)l-eh₂[2][8]
- Proto-Celtic: *akslā, *aksilā[7][1]
  - Proto-Brythonic: *axl, *ėxɨl
    - Breton: ahel
    - Welsh: echel
- Proto-Germanic: *ahslō (“shoulder”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *akslā[7]
  - Latin: āla, axilla (see there for further descendants)
*h₂éḱs-o-s[9][4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćšas (see there for further descendants)
*h₂éḱs-ō ~ *h₂ḱs-nés[4]
- Proto-Hellenic: *aksōn
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀰𐀚 (a-ko-so-ne)
  - Ancient Greek: ἄξων (áxōn)
*sém-h₂eḱs-ih₂ ~ *sm̥-h₂eks-yéh₂-s[10][7]
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *sámaksia
  - Ancient Greek: ἅμαξα (hámaxa, “wagon”)
    - →? Tocharian B: *amäkṣa (or < *h₂em-h₂eḱs-ih₂[11][12])
      - ⇒ Tocharian B: amäkṣpänte (“wagonmaster”)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sámHaćšyas
  - Proto-Iranian: *hámHašyah
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *hamHašyapādah[13] (+ *pā́dah)
      - Proto-Scythian: *hamaśśapāδi
        Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *hamaśpai
        Khotanese: [script needed] (maśpa, “road, way”)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*ag̑es-, *ak̑s”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 4; *aksi-lā
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*hₐek̂s- ‘axle’”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2270: “‘axle; axis’: *h2ek̑s-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ahsō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 6: “*h₂eḱs-eh₂-; *h₂eḱ-so-; *h₂eḱs-i-; *h₂eḱs-on-”
Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 48: “*h₂eḱsi-”
Derksen, Rick (2015) “ašis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 380: “PIE *h2eḱs-(i-)”
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “axis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 66: “6”
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ahsō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 6: “*h₂eks-(i)l-eh2-”
Lubotsky, Alexander (1988) The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European‎, Brill, page 75: “*H₂eḱs-(o-)”
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “ákṣa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 41: “*sm-h₂eḱs-ih₂”
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “amäkṣpänte”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 20: “PIE *h₂em-hₐek̂s-y(e)hₐ-”
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “?*h₂em-h̥ₐek̂s-ihₐ ‘wagon-chassis’”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
Bailey, H. W. (1979) “maspa”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 325: “*amHašya-pāda-”

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[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*ag̑es-, *ak̑s”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 4; *aksi-lā

[EIEC-2] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*hₐek̂s- ‘axle’”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers

[3] Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2270: “‘axle; axis’: *h2ek̑s-”

[EDPG-4] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ahsō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 6: “*h₂eḱs-eh₂-; *h₂eḱ-so-; *h₂eḱs-i-; *h₂eḱs-on-”

[5] Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 48: “*h₂eḱsi-”

[6] Derksen, Rick (2015) “ašis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 380: “PIE *h2eḱs-(i-)”

[EDL-7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “axis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 66: “6”

[8] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ahsō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 6: “*h₂eks-(i)l-eh2-”

[9] Lubotsky, Alexander (1988) The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European‎, Brill, page 75: “*H₂eḱs-(o-)”

[10] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “ákṣa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 41: “*sm-h₂eḱs-ih₂”

[11] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “amäkṣpänte”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 20: “PIE *h₂em-hₐek̂s-y(e)hₐ-”

[12] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “?*h₂em-h̥ₐek̂s-ihₐ ‘wagon-chassis’”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers

[13] Bailey, H. W. (1979) “maspa”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 325: “*amHašya-pāda-”