辛苦

Chinese
8th heavenly stem; tired
 
bitter; intensely; miserable
bitter; intensely; miserable; painful
trad. (辛苦) 辛 苦
simp. #(辛苦) 辛 苦
anagram 苦辛

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 辛 苦 苦
Reading # 1/1 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16) 溪 (29) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 眞 (43) 模 (23) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division (等) III I I
Fanqie 息鄰切 康杜切 苦故切
Baxter sin khuX khuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /siɪn/ /kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /sin/ /kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /sjen/ /kʰoX/ /kʰoH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /sin/ /kʰɔX/ /kʰɔH/
Li
Rong		 /siĕn/ /kʰoX/ /kʰoH/
Wang
Li		 /sĭĕn/ /kʰuX/ /kʰuH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /si̯ĕn/ /kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 xīn kǔ kù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 san1 fu2 fu3

Adjective

辛苦

  1. laborious; hard; miserable; exhausting

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 辛苦 (“laborious”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 辛苦, 累人, 吃重, 吃力
Mandarin Beijing 辛苦
Taiwan 辛苦
Malaysia 辛苦
Singapore 辛苦
Cantonese Guangzhou 辛苦
Hong Kong 辛苦
Taishan 辛苦
Dongguan 辛苦
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 辛苦
Singapore (Guangfu) 辛苦
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 辛苦
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 辛苦
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 辛苦
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 辛苦
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 辛苦
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 辛苦
Eastern Min Fuzhou 辛苦
Singapore (Fuqing) 辛苦
Southern Min Xiamen 艱苦
Quanzhou 艱苦
Zhangzhou 艱苦
Penang (Hokkien) 艱苦
Singapore (Hokkien) 艱苦
Manila (Hokkien) 艱苦
Shantou 艱苦
Shantou (Chenghai) 艱苦
Jieyang 艱苦
Singapore (Teochew) 艱苦
Pontianak (Teochew) 艱苦
Wenchang 艱苦
Singapore (Hainanese) 艱苦
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 辛苦
Wu Shanghai 辛苦, 衰瘏, 吃力
Shanghai (Chongming) 辛
Suzhou 辛苦
Danyang 吃力
Hangzhou 吃力
Ningbo 𢜭力, 吃力
Jinhua 著力, 吃力

Verb

辛苦

  1. to work hard; to toil; to go through hardship
    辛苦一輩子／辛苦一辈子  ―  xīnkǔ yībèizi  ―  to work hard all one's life
  2. (polite) to trouble; to bother (often used to thank someone for assistance; can be used for general assistance over time or a specific act)
    你辛苦了！  ―  Nǐ xīnkǔ le!  ―  Thanks for your trouble!
    辛苦大家了！  ―  Xīnkǔ dàjiā le!  ―  Thanks, everyone, for your trouble!
    辛苦嗮！ [Cantonese]  ―  san1 fu2 saai3! [Jyutping]  ―  Thank you so much for your trouble!

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (辛苦):
  • → Japanese: 辛(しん)苦(く) (shinku)
  • → Korean: 신고(辛苦) (sin'go)

Japanese
Kanji in this term
辛 苦
しん
Grade: S		 く
Grade: 3
on’yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

辛(しん)苦(く) • (shinku) 

  1. hardship

Verb

辛(しん)苦(く)する • (shinku suru) suru (stem 辛(しん)苦(く)し (shinku shi), past 辛(しん)苦(く)した (shinku shita))

  1. go through great hardship

Conjugation
Conjugation of "辛苦する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 辛苦し しんくし shinku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 辛苦し しんくし shinku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 辛苦する しんくする shinku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 辛苦する しんくする shinku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 辛苦すれ しんくすれ shinku sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 辛苦せよ¹
辛苦しろ²		 しんくせよ¹
しんくしろ²		 shinku seyo¹
shinku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 辛苦される しんくされる shinku sareru
Causative 辛苦させる
辛苦さす		 しんくさせる
しんくさす		 shinku saseru
shinku sasu
Potential 辛苦できる しんくできる shinku dekiru
Volitional 辛苦しよう しんくしよう shinku shiyō
Negative 辛苦しない しんくしない shinku shinai
Negative continuative 辛苦せず しんくせず shinku sezu
Formal 辛苦します しんくします shinku shimasu
Perfective 辛苦した しんくした shinku shita
Conjunctive 辛苦して しんくして shinku shite
Hypothetical conditional 辛苦すれば しんくすれば shinku sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese

辛苦

  1. chữ Hán form of tân khổ (“distress”).

References
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