苦悶

See also: 苦闷

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	melancholy; smother; stuffy
trad. (苦悶)		苦	悶
simp. (苦闷)		苦	闷

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǔmèn

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄇㄣˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² mun⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khú-mun
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-būn

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǔmèn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄇㄣˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǔmèn
  - Wade–Giles: kʻu³-mên⁴
  - Yale: kǔ-mèn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuumenn
  - Palladius: кумэнь (kumɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fu² mun⁶
  - Yale: fú muhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fu² mun⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: fu² mun⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ muːn²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khú-mun
  - Hakka Romanization System: ku` mun
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ku³ mun⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰu³¹ mun⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-būn
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-būn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qofbun
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun³³/

Adjective

苦悶

depressed; dejected

Synonyms

低沉 (dīchén)
低落 (dīluò)
冷館／冷馆 (Xiamen Hokkien)
喪氣／丧气
壓抑／压抑 (yāyì)
失望 (shīwàng)
失落 (shīluò)
寡歡／寡欢 (guǎhuān)
幽鬱／幽郁 (yōuyù) (archaic)
悒鬱／悒郁 (yìyù) (literary)
悒鬱寡歡／悒郁寡欢 (yìyùguǎhuān)
愁悶／愁闷 (chóumèn)
憂悶／忧闷 (yōumèn)
慘沮／惨沮 (cǎnjǔ) (literary)
憂鬱／忧郁 (yōuyù)
憋悶／憋闷
懊喪／懊丧 (àosàng)
抑鬱／抑郁 (yìyù)
沉悶／沉闷 (chénmèn)
沉抑 (chényì)
沉鬱／沉郁 (chényù) (literary)
沮喪／沮丧 (jǔsàng)
消極／消极 (xiāojí)
消沉 (xiāochén)
灰 (huī) (literary, or in compounds)
灰心 (huīxīn)
灰心喪氣／灰心丧气 (huīxīnsàngqì)
煩悶／烦闷 (fánmèn)
神傷／神伤 (shénshāng) (literary)
索寞 (suǒmò) (literary or Eastern Min)
萎靡
陰暗／阴暗 (yīn'àn)
陰沉／阴沉 (yīnchén)
頹唐／颓唐 (tuítáng)
頹喪／颓丧 (tuísàng)
頹廢／颓废 (tuífèi)
鬱悶／郁闷 (yùmèn)
鬱鬱／郁郁 (yùyù) (literary)
鬱鬱不樂／郁郁不乐 (yùyùbùlè)
鬱鬱寡歡／郁郁寡欢 (yùyùguǎhuān)
鬱鬱寡歡／郁郁寡欢 (yùyùguǎhuān)
齪嘈／龊嘈 (Hokkien)

Antonyms

舒暢／舒畅 (shūchàng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦	悶
く Grade: 3	もん Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) くもん [kùmóń] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ᵝmõ̞ɴ]

Noun

苦(く)悶(もん) • (kumon)

agony, anguish, worry, trouble
苦(く)悶(もん)の神(かみ)、ファリカ
Kumon no Kami, Farika
Pharika, Goddess of Affliction

References

NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
苦	悶

Noun

苦悶 • (gomin) (hangeul 고민)

Hanja form^? of 고민 (“agony, anguish, worry, trouble”).

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