艦
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Translingual
Han character
艦 (Kangxi radical 137, 舟+14 in Chinese, 舟+15 in Japanese, 20 strokes in Chinese, 21 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 竹卜尸戈廿 (HYSIT) or 竹卜尸一廿 (HYSMT), four-corner 28417, composition ⿰舟監)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30571
- Dae Jaweon: page 1471, character 29
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3069, character 8
- Unihan data for U+8266
Chinese
| trad. | 艦 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 舰* | |
| nonstandard simp. | 𮶙 | |
Glyph origin
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 藍 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 襤 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 籃 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 懢 | *ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms |
| 儖 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 蘫 | *ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms |
| 攬 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 欖 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 覽 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 爁 | *ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams |
| 擥 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 灠 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 濫 | *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ |
| 嚂 | *ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ |
| 纜 | *ɡ·raːms |
| 監 | *kraːm, *kraːms |
| 礛 | *kraːm |
| 鑑 | *kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms |
| 艦 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 檻 | *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms |
| 壏 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 轞 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 鹽 | *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːmʔ) : semantic 舟 + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).
Etymology
"Warship (with boards installed on its four sides to defend against arrow attacks)" (Shiming) > "warship" > "ship" (Guangya). A specialised character derived from 檻 (OC *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms, “fence, railing, board”); see there for more on the external etymology.
This character is a classic example of historical misreadings of unfamiliar characters. The l- initial in southern dialects is probably due to confusion with 濫 (MC lamH, “to overflow”), not due to divergent evolutions of the Old Chinese cluster initial *gr- as this character is often cited as an example of. Likewise, the readings in other Chinese are misreadings, although this is more subtle. Expected Mandarin reflex is xiàn, and jiàn is due to confusion with 鑑 (MC kaemH, “mirror; to reflect”). Wu and Eastern Min readings are results of confusion with 檻 (MC haemX, “doorsill”). Despite these irregularities, all the Sinoxenic readings are regular.
Pronunciation
Compounds
- 主力艦／主力舰 (zhǔlìjiàn)
- 兵艦／兵舰 (bīngjiàn)
- 戰艦／战舰 (zhànjiàn)
- 旗艦／旗舰 (qíjiàn)
- 母艦／母舰 (mǔjiàn)
- 炮艦／炮舰 (pàojiàn)
- 無敵艦隊／无敌舰队
- 第七艦隊／第七舰队
- 義勇艦隊／义勇舰队
- 航空母艦／航空母舰 (hángkōng mǔjiàn)
- 船艦／船舰
- 艦橋／舰桥
- 艦炮／舰炮
- 艦艇／舰艇 (jiàntǐng)
- 艦長／舰长 (jiànzhǎng)
- 艦隊／舰队 (jiànduì)
- 艦隻／舰只 (jiànzhī)
- 護衛艦／护卫舰 (hùwèijiàn)
- 軍艦／军舰 (jūnjiàn)
- 軍艦鳥／军舰鸟
- 巡洋艦／巡洋舰 (xúnyángjiàn)
- 巡防艦／巡防舰 (xúnfángjiàn)
- 驅潛艦／驱潜舰
- 驅逐艦／驱逐舰 (qūzhújiàn)
- 鬥艦／斗舰
References
- “艦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Readings
Derived terms
- 母艦 (bokan): mothership
- 航空母艦 (kōkū bokan): aircraft carrier
References
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 艦 (MC haemX).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅘᅡᆷ〯 (Yale: hhǎm) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | ᄇᆡ〮 (Yale: póy) | 함〯 (Yale: hǎm) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠(ː)m]
- Phonetic hangul: [함(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.