畏懼

See also: 畏惧

Chinese

		to fear	to fear
trad. (畏懼)		畏	懼
simp. (畏惧)		畏	惧

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): wèijù

(Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˋ ㄐㄩˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): wai³ geoi⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ùi-kū / ùi-khū / ùiⁿ-kī

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: wèijù
  - Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˋ ㄐㄩˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: wèijyù
  - Wade–Giles: wei⁴-chü⁴
  - Yale: wèi-jyù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: weyjiuh
  - Palladius: вэйцзюй (vɛjczjuj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕy⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: wai³ geoi⁶
  - Yale: wai geuih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wai³ goey⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: wei³ gêu⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɐi̯³³ kɵy̯²²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ùi-kū
  - Tâi-lô: uì-kū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: uie'ku
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ku⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ui²¹⁻⁵³ ku²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ùi-khū
  - Tâi-lô: uì-khū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: uie'qu
  - IPA (Taipei): /ui¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰu³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ui²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰu³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ùiⁿ-kī
  - Tâi-lô: uìnn-kī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: vuie'ki
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /uĩ²¹⁻⁵³ ki²²/

Middle Chinese: 'jw+jH gjuH

Rime
Character	畏	懼
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	微 (21)	虞 (24)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	於胃切	其遇切
Baxter	'jw+jH	gjuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔʉi^H/	/ɡɨo^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔʷɨi^H/	/ɡio^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiuəi^H/	/ɡio^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔuj^H/	/guə̆^H/
Li Rong	/ʔiuəi^H/	/ɡio^H/
Wang Li	/ĭwəi^H/	/ɡĭu^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔwe̯i^H/	/gi̯u^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wèi	jù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wai³	geoi⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔuj-s [ɡ]ʷ(r)a(k)-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*quls ɡʷas/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	畏	懼
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wèi	jù
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔjwɨj^H ›	‹ gju^H ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔuj-s/	/*[ɡ]ʷ(r)a(k)-s/
English	fear (v.); threaten	fear (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	畏	懼
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12939	7151
Phonetic component	畏	瞿
Rime group	微	魚
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	尉	懼
Old Chinese	/*quls/	/*ɡʷas/

Verb

畏懼

to be afraid; to fear; to dread

Synonyms

嚇／吓
害怕 (hàipà)
忌 (jì) (literary, or in compounds)
怕
怕懼／怕惧 (pàjù) (literary)
恐懼／恐惧 (kǒngjù)
懼怕／惧怕 (jùpà)
深怕 (shēnpà)
生怕 (shēngpà)
生畏 (shēngwèi) (literary)
畏怯 (wèiqiè)
驚／惊 (dialectal)

Dialectal synonyms of 害怕 (“to fear; to be afraid of”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		懼, 畏, 恐, 怯, 驚, 惶, 悚, 懾, 恇
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		害怕, 懼怕, 畏懼
Mandarin	Beijing	害怕, 怕
	Taiwan	害怕, 怕
	Harbin	害怕, 發毛
	Yantai (Muping)	害怕, 怵
	Jinan	害怕, 怕, 打怵
	Luoyang	害怕, 怕
	Wanrong	驚
	Xi'an	害怕, 怕, 怯火
	Yinchuan	害怕, 嚇
	Lanzhou	害怕, 怯, 怯乎, 怯豁
	Ürümqi	害怕
	Wuhan	嚇不過, 怕
	Chengdu	害怕, 怕, 虛火, 虛
	Guiyang	害怕, 怕
	Kunming	害怕
	Guilin	怕
	Liuzhou	慌
	Xuzhou	嫌怕, 打怵
	Yangzhou	害怕, 怕, 怕懼, 懼乎
	Nanjing	嚇怕, 怕
	Hefei	怕
	Malaysia	怕
	Singapore	怕, 害怕
Cantonese	Guangzhou	驚, 怕, 慌, 窒
	Hong Kong	驚, 怕, 慌
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	狂
	Macau	驚
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	驚
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	慌
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	驚
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	好怕
	Foshan	驚, 窒
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	慌, 怕
	Foshan (Shunde)	慌
	Foshan (Sanshui)	慌
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	慌
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	驚
	Zhongshan (Huancheng)	驚
	Zhongshan (Nanlang)	驚
	Zhongshan (Xiaolan)	慌
	Zhongshan (Dongsheng)	慌
	Zhongshan (Tanbei)	慌
	Zhongshan (Henglan)	慌
	Zhongshan (Dongfeng)	慌
	Zhongshan (Nantou)	慌
	Zhongshan (Fusha)	慌
	Zhongshan (Shalang)	慌
	Zhongshan (Gangkou)	慌
	Zhongshan (Huangpu)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Sanjiao)	狂, 驚
	Zhongshan (Langwang)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Minzhong)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Guzhen)	𢗉
	Zhongshan (Banfu)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Tanzhou)	慌, 驚
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	驚
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	驚
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	驚
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	驚
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	驚
	Taishan	𢗉
	Kaiping (Chikan)	𢗉
	Enping (Niujiang)	𢗉
	Heshan (Yayao)	慌
	Dongguan	狂
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	驚
	Shaoguan	驚, 窒
	Yunfu	怕, 驚
	Yangjiang	𢗉
	Xinyi	狂
	Lianjiang	驚
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	驚, 怕
	Singapore (Guangfu)	驚, 怕
Gan	Nanchang	怕
Gan	Lichuan	怕
Hakka	Meixian	驚, 怕畏, 畏, 怕
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	狂
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	狂
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	好狂
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	驚
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	怕, 驚, 畏
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	驚
	Wengyuan	驚
	Liannan	驚
	Conghua (Lütian)	狂
	Jiexi	驚
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	驚
	Changting	怕
	Wuping	怕
	Wuping (Yanqian)	怕
	Liancheng	嚇
	Ninghua	怕
	Ningdu	怕
	Tonggu (Sandu)	怕
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	怕
	Dayu	怕
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	驚
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	驚
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	驚
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	驚
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	驚
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	驚
	Hong Kong	狂, 驚
	Mengshan (Xihe)	怕
	Luchuan	狂
	Sabah (Longchuan)	狂
	Senai (Huiyang)	狂
	Singkawang	驚
Huizhou	Jixi	怕, 嚇
Jin	Taiyuan	害怕, 怕
Jin	Xinzhou	著怕, 怕
Northern Min	Jian'ou	驚, 怕, 怯, 畏
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	驚
	Songxi	驚
	Zhenghe	驚
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	驚
	Jianyang	驚
	Jianyang (Huangkeng)	畏
	Wuyishan	嚇
	Pucheng (Shibei)	嚇
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	驚
	Changle	驚
	Lianjiang	驚
	Fuqing	驚
	Pingtan	驚
	Yongtai	驚
	Minqing	驚
	Gutian	驚
	Pingnan	驚
	Luoyuan	驚
	Fu'an	驚
	Ningde	驚
	Xiapu	驚
	Zherong	驚
	Shouning	驚
	Zhouning	驚
	Fuding	驚
	Singapore (Fuqing)	驚
Southern Min	Xiamen	驚, 著驚, 驚惶, 懾, 懾屎, 會攝, 掣
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	驚
	Quanzhou	驚, 著驚, 懾, 懾屎, 會攝, 掣
	Jinjiang	驚
	Nan'an	驚
	Shishi	驚
	Hui'an	驚
	Anxi	驚
	Yongchun	驚
	Dehua	驚
	Zhangzhou	驚, 著驚, 驚惶, 懾, 會攝, 掣
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	驚
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	驚
	Hua'an	驚
	Nanjing	驚
	Pinghe	驚
	Zhangpu	驚
	Yunxiao	驚
	Zhao'an	驚
	Dongshan	驚
	Kaohsiung	驚
	Yilan	驚
	Changhua (Lukang)	驚
	Taichung	驚
	Taichung (Wuqi)	驚惶
	Tainan	驚
	Taitung	驚
	Hsinchu	驚
	Kinmen	驚
	Penghu (Magong)	驚
	Penang (Hokkien)	驚
	Singapore (Hokkien)	驚
	Manila (Hokkien)	驚
	Longyan	嚇
	Zhangping	驚
	Datian	驚
	Chaozhou	驚, 畏
	Raoping	驚
	Shantou	驚
	Jieyang	驚, 畏
	Haifeng	驚
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	驚
	Singapore (Teochew)	驚
	Leizhou	驚
	Wenchang	驚
	Haikou	驚
	Qionghai	驚
	Singapore (Hainanese)	驚
Puxian Min	Putian	驚
Puxian Min	Xianyou	驚
Central Min	Yong'an	驚
	Sanyuan	驚
	Shaxian	驚
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	驚
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	狂, 怕
Wu	Shanghai	怕, 嚇
	Shanghai (Chongming)	嚇
	Suzhou	怕, 嚇
	Danyang	怕
	Hangzhou	怕, 嚇, 慌, 怕慌, 發毛
	Ningbo	怕, 嚇
	Wenzhou	怕, 嚇
	Jinhua	光
Xiang	Changsha	怕, 畏怯
	Loudi	怕
	Shuangfeng	怕

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (畏懼):

→ Japanese: 畏懼(いく) (iku)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
畏	懼
い Grade: S	く Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) いく [íꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [ikɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

畏(い)懼(く) • (iku) ^{←ゐく (wiku)^?}

(literary) awe

Verb

畏(い)懼(く)する • (iku suru) ^{←ゐく (wiku)^?}suru (stem 畏(い)懼(く)し (iku shi), past 畏(い)懼(く)した (iku shita))

(literary) to fear; to be struck with awe

Conjugation

Conjugation of "畏懼する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	畏懼し	いくし	iku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	畏懼し	いくし	iku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	畏懼する	いくする	iku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	畏懼する	いくする	iku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	畏懼すれ	いくすれ	iku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	畏懼せよ¹ 畏懼しろ²	いくせよ¹ いくしろ²	iku seyo¹ iku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	畏懼される	いくされる	iku sareru
Causative	畏懼させる畏懼さす	いくさせるいくさす	iku saseru iku sasu
Potential	畏懼できる	いくできる	iku dekiru
Volitional	畏懼しよう	いくしよう	iku shiyō
Negative	畏懼しない	いくしない	iku shinai
Negative continuative	畏懼せず	いくせず	iku sezu
Formal	畏懼します	いくします	iku shimasu
Perfective	畏懼した	いくした	iku shita
Conjunctive	畏懼して	いくして	iku shite
Hypothetical conditional	畏懼すれば	いくすれば	iku sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN