ngoto

Ternate

Etymology

Univerbation of ngori (“I”) +‎ to- (“first-person singular clitic”)

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ˈŋo.to]

Pronoun

ngoto (possessive prefix ri)

  1. first-person singular pronoun, I
    ngoto hohe bahaya ― I laughed a lot

Usage notes

As the clitic here is fused with the pronoun, this pronomial form does not apply a subject clitic to the following verb.

See also
Ternate personal pronouns
independent subject proclitic possessive
Informal Formal
1st person singular ngori fangarem, fajaruf to ri
2nd person singular ngana ngoni, jou ngoni no ni
3rd person singular unam, minaf om, mof, inh im, mif, manh
1st person plural inclusive ngone fo na, nga
1st person plural exclusive ngomi fangare ngomim, fajaru ngomif, fara ngomi1 mi mi, mia
2nd person plural ngoni ni na, nia
3rd person plural anah, enanh ih, nh, yoh, †, yanh, † nah, ngah, manh
  • unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
  • m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
  • 1 - for mixed-gender groups
  • † - archaic

References
  • Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
  • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
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