nad

nad

1. (linguistics) noun animate dependent

Douglas Harper suggests an abbreviation of gonad originating among biology students.

• Audio (AU)

  (file)

nad (plural nads)

1. (slang, mostly plural) testicle
   • 2004, Bob Gunn, Sex, Ghosts and Gumshoes, page 119:

     I look down and the little one has already cut right through my ball sac and is in the process of slicing my left nad free.

• -and, -dan, ADN, AND, DAN, DNA, Dan, Dan., NDA, and, and-, dan, dna

Inherited from Old Czech nad, from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): [ˈnat]

• audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -at

nad [+instrumental]

1. over, above

   Antonym: pod

• nad in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• nad in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989

• And, dan, Dan, dna, DNA

Clipping of nemad.

• IPA^(key): /ˈnɑd̥/, [ˈnɑd̥]
• Rhymes: -ɑd
• Hyphenation: nad

nad (genitive nende, partitive neid)

1. short form of nemad: they

• nad in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
• “nad”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009

• nade

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

nad

1. denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]

• “nad”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “nad(e)”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎

• nade

Inherited from Old Polish nad.

• IPA^(key): [ˈnat]
• Syllabification: nad

nad

1. denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
2. denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]
3. denotes approximate location; near, close to [+instrumental]
4. denotes movement towards; to [+accusative]
5. denotes object over which one has power, care, or over which one has an advantage; over [+instrumental]
6. denotes higher position in a hierarchy; over [+instrumental]
7. denotes object of action, typically of emotions, i.e. crying; over [+instrumental]
8. denotes cause of an emotion; over; because of [+instrumental]
9. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [+instrumental]
10. denotes a proximate time of day; close to [+instrumental]
11. denotes object drawing someone's attention or action; over [+instrumental]
12. denotes an amount higher than another; above, over, more than [+accusative]

• Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2024) “nad”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur‎, volume 4, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, pages 224-226

• nade, nhadde

not +‎ had

nad

1. had not

• Yola: nad

• “nad”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈnad/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈnat/

nad

1. Denotes movement; to over, to above [+accusative]
2. Denotes movement; to under, to below [+accusative]
3. Denotes subject of an attack etc.. [+accusative]
4. Denotes a higher position in comparisons; above [+accusative]
5. Denotes larger amount; above, more than [+accusative] or [+instrumental]
6. Denotes first degree of comparisons; more than [+accusative] or [+instrumental]
7. With a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+accusative]
8. Denotes additionality or excess; in addition to [+accusative]
9. Denotes a manner contrary to something else. [+accusative]
10. Denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
11. Denotes position in a hierarchy; above, over [+instrumental]
12. Denotes vessel through which divine action is taken; through [+instrumental]
13. Denotes target of an action aimed at [+instrumental]
14. Denotes subject of power; over, above [+instrumental]
15. Denotes subject of emotion; over [+instrumental]
16. Denotes contradiction; despite [+instrumental]

• Czech: nad

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “nad”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

nad

1. Alternative spelling of nád

• nade

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. First attested in the 14th century.

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /nat/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /nat/

nad

1. denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
2. denotes location; near, close to [+instrumental]
3. denotes time; just before [+instrumental]
4. denotes cause; because of [+instrumental]
5. denotes position in comparison; over, more than [+instrumental] or [+accusative]
6. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+instrumental]
7. denotes subject of power; above [+instrumental]
8. denotes subject of someones thoughts or actions in relation to, vis-a-vis [+instrumental]
9. denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]

• Masurian: nad, nade
• Polish: nad, nade
• Silesian: nad, nady

• Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “nad”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
• Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “nad”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “nad, nade”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

• nade

Inherited from Old Polish nad.

• IPA^(key): /nat/
• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈnat/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -at
• Syllabification: nad
• Homophone: nad-

nad

1. denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]

   Synonyms: ponad, powyżej

   Coordinate terms: pod, popod

   Nad biurkiem wisi piękny obraz. ― Above the desk hangs a beautiful painting.

2. denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [+instrumental]

   Mieszkają w dużym domu nad morzem. ― They live in a big house by the sea.

   Opole leży nad Odrą. ― Opole lies on the Oder.

3. denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]

   Synonyms: ponad, powyżej

   Coordinate terms: pod, popod

   Podnieś ręce nad głowę! ― Put your hands above your head!

4. denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [+accusative]

   Antonym: znad

   W niedzielę jedziemy nad jezioro. ― We're going to the lake on Sunday.

5. (literary) denotes position in comparison; than; over [+accusative]
6. over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [+instrumental]

   Antonym: pod

   Nauczyciel umiejętnie panuje nad klasą. ― The teacher skillfully keeps control over the class.

7. (literary) denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;

   Synonym: ponad

   Kocham to nad życie. ― I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.

8. denotes subject of activities; on [+instrumental]

   Pracuję nad scenariuszem do nowego filmu. ― I'm working on a script for a new film.

9. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [+instrumental] or (stylized) [+accusative]

   Oj, marzy mi się pizza nad pizzami! ― Oh, I dream of the greatest of all pizzas!

   Zawisza Czarny, rycerz nad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli. ― Zawisza Czarny, a knight of the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), nad is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 91 times in scientific texts, 107 times in news, 101 times in essays, 127 times in fiction, and 72 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 498 times, making it the 90th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

• nad in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• nad in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nad, nade”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “NAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2008 December 17
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861‎
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎ (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 28

Univerbation of an (“in”) +‎ do (“thy”)

nad (+ dative, triggers lenition)

1. in thy; in your (singular)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. Compare na (“on, onto”), nad-, nat-.

• IPA^(key): /nâd/

nȁd (Cyrillic spelling на̏д)

1. over, above (with no change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ) [+instrumental]

   Synonym: ȉznad

   Antonym: pȍd

   nad stolom ― over the table

   vlast nad nekim ― power over somebody

   heroj nad herojima ― the greatest of all heroes

2. over, above (usually with change of position, answering the question kùda) [+accusative]

   Synonym: ȉznad

   Antonym: pȍd

   Nagnuo se nad vodu. ― He leaned over the water.

• “nad” in Hrvatski jezični portal

• nady

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): /ˈnat/
• Rhymes: -at
• Syllabification: nad

nad

1. denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]

   Synonyms: pōnad, powyżyj

   Coordinate term: pod

2. denotes movement; to above, to over [+accusative]

   Synonyms: pōnad, powyżyj

   Coordinate term: pod

3. denotes position close to water; by [+instrumental]

   Synonym: kole

4. denotes movement close to water; to [+accusative]
5. denotes object of certain actions. [+instrumental]
6. denotes proximity of a time; around [+instrumental]
7. denotes object most affceted by something. [+accusative]
8. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+instrumental]

• nad in silling.org

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): /nat/

nad

1. over, above (stationary) [+instrumental]
2. over, above (motion towards) [+accusative]

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): /ˈnat/
• Syllabification: nad

nad

1. denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]
2. denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [+accusative]
3. denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
4. denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [+instrumental]
5. denotes extension past something; above, beyond [+instrumental]
6. over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [+instrumental]

• Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “nãd”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch‎ (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 683

See na with the same meaning. Compare Latin neque.

• IPA^(key): /nad/

nad

1. (formal) that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, marking it for emphasis)

   Mae e’n dweud nad athro yw ef.

   He says that he is not a teacher.

2. that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, used before a vowel)

   Mae e’n dweud nad ydy e’n mynd.

   He says that he is not going.

• mai (affirmative, emphasis)
• taw (affirmative, emphasis)
• na (negative, unmarked, used before a consonant)

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “nad”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

From Middle English nad; equivalent to nat +‎ had.

• IPA^(key): /nad/

nad

1. had not
   • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 58:

     Nad Ich.

     Had I (not?).

• Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 58