< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tamu

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐽂𐼺𐼴 (tmw),[1] the accusative form of 𐽂𐼺 (tm, “hell”) ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *támHas (“darkness”) from Proto-Indo-European *témHos (“darkness”)[2] whence also Persian تَم (tam, “veil”).

Some forms suggest inheritence from a form *tamug or *tamuk, according to Clauson, these forms reflect different borrowings from different Iranian languages. Compare also Sogdian 𐽂𐼺𐼷𐼸 (tmyk, “hellish”).

Connection with *tam- (“to ignite”) is coincidental and based on folk etymology.

Noun

*tamu

  1. (Common Turkic, religion) hell
    Antonym: *uštmag

Declension
Declension of *tamu
Singular 3)
Nominative *tamu
Accusative *tamunï, *tamug 4), *tamunïg 1)
Genitive *tamunïŋ
Dative *tamuka
Locative *tamuda
Ablative *tamudan
Allative *tamugaru
Instrumental 2) *tamun
Equative 2) *tamuča
Similative 2) *tamulayu
Comitative 2) *tamulugu
1) Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
4) Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants
  • Common Turkic: *tamu, *tamug, *tamuk
  • Oghuz:
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid: تَمُو (tamū)[3]
      • Chagatai: [script needed] (tamug)
        • Uyghur: تامۇق (tamuq)
        • Uzbek: tamugʻ
  • Kipchak: [script needed] (tam), [script needed] (tamu), [script needed] (tamug), [script needed] (tamuk), [script needed] (tamuh)
    • North Kipchak:
      • Bashkir: тамуҡ (tamuq)
        • → Chuvash: тамăк (tamăk)
      • Tatar: тәмуг (tämuğ)
    • South Kipchak:
    • East Kipchak:
      • Southern Altai: тамы (tamï)
  • Siberian:
    • Old Turkic:
      • Old Uyghur: tʾmw (tamu)
  • → Proto-Mongolic: *tamu (“hell”)

References
  1. Gharib, B. (1995) “tm-”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 387
  2. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 626
  3. al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 234
  • Clauson, Gerard (1972) “tamu:”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 503
  • Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “tamu”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
  • Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 460
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