< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/śěrъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Related to Proto-Slavic *śědъ (“dim, gray”), but beyond that of uncertain origin. Possible etymologies include:
- Per Vaillant, Trubachev, Derksen: From pre-Slavic *xoirъ, continuing Proto-Indo-European *sḱoHy-rós, from *(s)ḱeh₃y- (“to shade”) or less likely *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shimmer”). Morphologically equivalent to *śě- + *-rъ. Cognates include Proto-Celtic *keiros (> Middle Irish cíar (“dark-brown”)), Proto-Germanic *hairaz (> Old Norse hárr (“gray-haired”), Old English hār (“gray, gray-haired”)). Compare also Ancient Greek κιρρός (kirrhós).
- ?: Less likely West Slavic are from an earlier *sjěrъ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyeh₁-rós, from *(s)ḱeyh₁- (“to shimmer”). Compare Lithuanian šėmas (< *ḱyeh₁-mó-).
- Per Snoj: From *ksey-, akin to Persian شید (“bright”).
- Per Meillet, Pedersen, Shakhmatov, Kroonen: A borrowing from Proto-Germanic *hairaz.[1]
Declension
Indefinite declension of *śěrъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *śěrъ | *śěra | *śěro |
| genitive | *śěra | *śěry | *śěra |
| dative | *śěru | *śěrě | *śěru |
| accusative | *śěrъ | *śěrǫ | *śěro |
| instrumental | *śěromь | *śěrojǫ | *śěromь |
| locative | *śěrě | *śěrě | *śěrě |
| vocative | *śěre | *śěro | *śěro |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *śěra | *śěrě | *śěrě |
| genitive | *śěru | *śěru | *śěru |
| dative | *śěroma | *śěrama | *śěroma |
| accusative | *śěra | *śěrě | *śěrě |
| instrumental | *śěroma | *śěrama | *śěroma |
| locative | *śěru | *śěru | *śěru |
| vocative | *śěra | *śěrě | *śěrě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *śěri | *śěry | *śěra |
| genitive | *śěrъ | *śěrъ | *śěrъ |
| dative | *śěromъ | *śěramъ | *śěromъ |
| accusative | *śěry | *śěry | *śěra |
| instrumental | *śěry | *śěrami | *śěry |
| locative | *śěrěxъ | *śěraxъ | *śěrěxъ |
| vocative | *śěri | *śěry | *śěra |
Definite declension of *śěrъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *śěrъjь | *śěraja | *śěroje |
| genitive | *śěrajego | *śěryję̇ | *śěrajego |
| dative | *śěrujemu | *śěrěji | *śěrujemu |
| accusative | *śěrъjь | *śěrǫjǫ | *śěroje |
| instrumental | *śěryjimь | *śěrǫjǫ | *śěryjimь |
| locative | *śěrějemь | *śěrěji | *śěrějemь |
| vocative | *śěrъjь | *śěraja | *śěroje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *śěraja | *śěrěji | *śěrěji |
| genitive | *śěruju | *śěruju | *śěruju |
| dative | *śěryjima | *śěryjima | *śěryjima |
| accusative | *śěraja | *śěrěji | *śěrěji |
| instrumental | *śěryjima | *śěryjima | *śěryjima |
| locative | *śěruju | *śěruju | *śěruju |
| vocative | *śěraja | *śěrěji | *śěrěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *śěriji | *śěryję̇ | *śěraja |
| genitive | *śěrъjixъ | *śěrъjixъ | *śěrъjixъ |
| dative | *śěryjimъ | *śěryjimъ | *śěryjimъ |
| accusative | *śěryję̇ | *śěryję̇ | *śěraja |
| instrumental | *śěryjimi | *śěryjimi | *śěryjimi |
| locative | *śěryjixъ | *śěryjixъ | *śěryjixъ |
| vocative | *śěriji | *śěryję̇ | *śěraja |
See also
| *bělъ (of animals) *bronъ |
*sivъ, *śěrъ, *śědъ | *čьrnъ, *smaglъ, *smǫglъ (of animals) *vornъ, *galъ |
| *čьrvenъ, *ryďь, *ruměnъ | *rudъ, *granivъ; *smědъ (of animals) *gnědъ |
*žьltъ (of animals) *solvъ; *polvъ |
| *zelenъ | *zelenъ, *grěnъ | |
| *polvъ | *siňь; *modrъ | |
| *slivъ | *bagrъ |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “серый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “серый”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 158
- Todorov, T. A., Racheva, M., editors (2010), “сяр (сѣръ)”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 7 (слòво – теря̀свам), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 725
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*haira-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 201
- Derksen, Rick (2008) “*śěrъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 447: “adj. o ‘grey’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001) “xěrъ xěra xěro”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a? grå (PR 133)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016) “ser”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*xě̑rъ”
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