< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰeyǵʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*dʰeyǵʰ-[1][2][3][4][5]

  1. to knead
  2. to form, to shape

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeyǵʰ-‎ (32 c, 0 e)
  • *dʰéyǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰiǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)
    • Proto-Germanic: *diganą (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáygdʰi
  • *dʰi-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)
  • *dʰéyǵʰ-o-s[6]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáyȷ́ʰas, *dʰiȷ́ʰás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáyźʰas, *diźʰás
        • Sanskrit: देह (déha), देही (dehī́, “surrounding wall”)
      • Proto-Iranian: *dáyjah, *dijáh
        • Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (daēza, “wall”)
        • Bactrian: λιζα (liza), λιζο (lizo)
        • Khwarezmian: dyzʾ
        • Northern Kurdish: diz (diz)
        • → Middle Persian: KLYTA / dc (diz, “fortress”) (borrowed from a Northwestern Iranian language); Manichaean: dyz (diz)
        • Old Persian: 𐎮𐎡𐎭𐎠 (didā-, “fortress”)
        • Parthian: dyz (diz)
        • Sogdian: [script needed] (ẟyz), [script needed] (ẟyzʾ)
        • ⇒ Iranian: *paridayjah (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *feiɣos
      • Faliscan: 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌔𐌔 (feíhúss, acc.pl.), 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌉𐌔 (feíhúis, abl.pl.)
  • *dʰéyǵʰ-os ~ *dʰéyǵʰ-es-os
  • *dʰiǵʰ-rós
    • Proto-Germanic: *digraz (“big, thick”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *dʰiǵʰ-tós
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰigdʰás
    • Proto-Italic: *fiktos
      • Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌕𐌀 (fita)
      • Latin: fictus (see there for further descendants)
  • *dʰóyǵʰ-o-s[7]
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: դէզ (dēz) (or from *dʰeyǵʰ-os)
    • Proto-Germanic: *daigaz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *tóikʰos
      • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀵𐀒𐀈𐀗 (to-ko-do-mo /⁠toikʰo-domos⁠/)
      • Ancient Greek: τοῖχος (toîkhos)
  • *dʰoyǵʰ-yeh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *daiźjāˀ
      • Proto-Slavic: *děža (see there for further descendants)
  • *dʰoyǵʰ-y-on- or *dʰoyǵʰ-i-Hon-
    • Proto-Germanic: *daigijǭ (“breadmaker, dairymaid, dey”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Italic:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:

From a metathesized form *ǵʰeydʰ-:

  • *ǵʰéydʰ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeidā́ˀtei
      • Lithuanian: žiẽsti
      • Proto-Slavic: *zьdati (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰeydʰ-o-s, *ǵʰеydʰ-i-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źéidas, *źеidis
      • Old Prussian: seydis (i.e. zeydis, with s due to German orthography)
      • Proto-Slavic: *zidъ, *zьdь (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 140-141
  2. Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  3. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τεῖχος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1458-1459
  5. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  6. Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2003) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 311—316
  7. Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 204
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