< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-lós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Suffix

*(Ø)-lós[1][2][3]

  1. Forms agent nouns from verbal roots.
  2. Forms diminutive nouns from noun stems.
  3. Forms adjectives with the sense “pertaining to …” (alternative form of *-rós).
    Synonyms: *-nós, *-rós, *-yós

Inflection
Thematic
singular
nominative *(Ø)-lós
genitive *(Ø)-lósyo
singular dual plural
nominative *(Ø)-lós *(Ø)-lóh₁ *(Ø)-lóes
vocative *(Ø)-lé *(Ø)-lóh₁ *(Ø)-lóes
accusative *(Ø)-lóm *(Ø)-lóh₁ *(Ø)-lóms
genitive *(Ø)-lósyo *? *(Ø)-lóHom
ablative *(Ø)-léad *? *(Ø)-lómos
dative *(Ø)-lóey *? *(Ø)-lómos
locative *(Ø)-léy, *(Ø)-lóy *? *(Ø)-lóysu
instrumental *(Ø)-lóh₁ *? *(Ø)-lṓys

Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-lós
  • *-e-lós (also *-o-lós?)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-elas, *-alas
    • Proto-Celtic: *-elos
    • Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz[note 2] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *-elós
      • Ancient Greek: -ηλος (-ēlos), ⇒? -ήλας (-ḗlas)
    • Proto-Italic: *-elos, *-olos
  • *-eh₁-lós
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ēˀlas
    • >? Proto-Hellenic: *-ēlos
      • >? Ancient Greek: -ηλος (-ēlos), ⇒? -ήλας (-ḗlas)
    • Proto-Italic: *-ēlos
  • *-eh₂-lós
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-āˀlas
      • Proto-Slavic: *-alъ
    • Proto-Celtic: *-ālos (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Hellenic: *-ālos
      • >? Ancient Greek: -ηλος (-ēlos), ⇒? -ήλας (-ḗlas)
  • ⇒? *-i-los (or perhaps originally thematicized from an old suffix *-yl̥)
  • ⇒? *-u-los[note 3]
    • Proto-Albanian: *-ula
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *-ulaz (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ulás, *-urás
      • Proto-Iranian: *-ulah, *-urah (diminutive suffix)
        • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *-urahakah
        • Kurdish:
          Central Kurdish: ـوول (-ûl)
          Northern Kurdish: -ûl
        • Classical Persian: ـوله (-ûla)
          Iranian Persian: ـوله (ûle)

Descendants
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-lás, *-las
    • Proto-Slavic: *-lъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *-los
  • Proto-Germanic: *-laz
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-lós, *-los
    • Ancient Greek: -λός (-lós), -λος (-los)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-lás, *-las, *-rás, *-ras
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-lás, *-las, *-rás, *-ras
      • Sanskrit: -ल (-la), -र (-ra)
    • Proto-Iranian: *láh, *-lah, *-ráh, *-rah
  • Proto-Italic: *-los
  • Proto-Tocharian: *-le
Notes

The variety of derived forms is usually explained as absorption of the stems from different noun types (o-, eh₂-, i- and u-stems) into the suffix, or as influence from verbal suffixes. Germanic *-a- ~ *-i- ~ *-u- alternation may simply result from a type of umlaut or varying reflexes of a schwa.

  1. From the o-grade (possibly merged with *-ol-o-s), but may also reflect *-ulos. Latin -ulus can also be directly from *-elos. Slavic *-ъlъ can also be explained as from regressive hardening.
  2. Can reflect either *-elós or *-ilos.
  3. Contaminated by or merged with a separate suffix *-ul-o-s, thematicized from *-wl̥ in late PIE.

References
  1. Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 456
  2. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 367
  3. Brugmann, Karl with translators Conway, R. Seymour and Rouse, W. H. D. (1891) A Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages, 1st edition, volume II, part I, New York: B. Westermann & Co., § 76, page 198
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