< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ilaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology 1

Formally appears to be a thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *-lós.

Kroonen (2017) instead derives this from the Proto-Indo-European *-trom family of instrumental nominal suffixes, specifically the lambdacized variants Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlom and Proto-Indo-European *-tlom. The former suffix and the voiced Verner's alternant of the latter would undergo an assimilation to *-lla-. The geminate consonant would have later shortened to make *-la- which was suffixed onto stems with *-yeti, forming the Germanic agent suffix. [1] Compare Latin -ula.

Suffix

*-ilaz

  1. -er: suffix forming agent nouns and instrument nouns such as tools
Alternative forms

Inflection
masculine a-stemDeclension of *-ilaz (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *-ilaz *-ilōz, *-ilōs
vocative *-il *-ilōz, *-ilōs
accusative *-ilą *-ilanz
genitive *-ilas, *-ilis *-ilǫ̂
dative *-ilai *-ilamaz
instrumental *-ilō *-ilamiz
Derived terms
Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ilaz (agent noun)
Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *-il, *-ul
    • Old English: -el, -ol, -ul
    • Old Frisian:
      • West Frisian: -el
    • Old Saxon: -al, -il
      • Middle Low German: -el
        • Low German: -el
    • Old Dutch:
    • Old High German: -il
      • Middle High German: -el
  • Old Norse: -ill, -all, -ull m, -la f

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *-elo-, thematized from Proto-Indo-European *-lós.

Suffix

*-ilaz

  1. forms nouns of diminutive connotation

Inflection
masculine a-stemDeclension of *-ilaz (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *-ilaz *-ilōz, *-ilōs
vocative *-il *-ilōz, *-ilōs
accusative *-ilą *-ilanz
genitive *-ilas, *-ilis *-ilǫ̂
dative *-ilai *-ilamaz
instrumental *-ilō *-ilamiz
Alternative forms
Derived terms
Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ilaz (diminutive)
Descendants

Etymology 3

Related to the above etymologies. Compare Latin -ilis.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Suffix

*-ilaz

  1. forms adjectives from verbs, meaning “-ing” or “tending to …” (alternative form of *-ulaz)

Inflection
Declension of *-ilaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative *-ilaz *-ilai *-ilō *-ilôz *-ilą, -atō *-ilō
Accusative *-ilanǭ *-ilanz *-ilǭ *-ilōz *-ilą, -atō *-ilō
Genitive *-ilas, -is *-ilaizǫ̂ *-ilaizōz *-ilaizǫ̂ *-ilas, -is *-ilaizǫ̂
Dative *-ilammai *-ilaimaz *-ilaizōi *-ilaimaz *-ilammai *-ilaimaz
Instrumental *-ilanō *-ilaimiz *-ilaizō *-ilaimiz *-ilanō *-ilaimiz
Weak declension
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative *-ilô *-ilaniz *-ilǭ *-ilōniz *-ilô *-ilōnō
Accusative *-ilanų *-ilanunz *-ilōnų *-ilōnunz *-ilô *-ilōnō
Genitive *-iliniz *-ilanǫ̂ *-ilōniz *-ilōnǫ̂ *-iliniz *-ilanǫ̂
Dative *-ilini *-ilammaz *-ilōni *-ilōmaz *-ilini *-ilammaz
Instrumental *-ilinē *-ilammiz *-ilōnē *-ilōmiz *-ilinē *-ilammiz


Alternative forms
Derived terms
Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ilaz (adjectival)
Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *-il
  • Old Norse: -ill
  • Gothic: -𐌹𐌻𐍃 (-ils)

Note: Fossilized in several descendants.

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2017) “The development of the Proto-Indo-European instrumental suffix in Germanic”, in Indogermanische Forschungen‎, volume 122, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 105-110
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