< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂eḱ-

  1. sharp

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eḱ-‎ (35 c, 0 e)
  • *h₂eḱ-éh₁-ye-ti
    • Proto-Italic: *akēō
  • *h₂(e)ḱ-i-
    • Proto-Hellenic: *akís
  • *h₂eḱ-i-l-o-[1][2] or *h₂eḱ-l-[3]
    • Armenian:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśilos or *aśelos
      • Proto-Slavic: *osьla̋[4] or *osla̋[5]
        • East Slavic:
        • South Slavic:
          • Old Church Slavonic: осла (osla, “whetstone”)
        • West Slavic:
    • Proto-Germanic: *agilaz (“awn”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-West Germanic: *agil (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂éḱ-ih₂ ~ h₂ḱ-yéh₂-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *agjō (see there for further descendants)
    • Italic:
      • Latin: aciēs, acia (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂eḱ-u-[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ašus
      • Latvian: ass (“sharp”), ašs (“swift”)
    • Proto-Italic: *akus
      • Latin: acus (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Latin: acuō (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian:
  • *h₂ḱ-ró-s (“sharp”)
  • *h₂óḱ-ri-s (“sharp edge, protrusion”)
  • *h₂eḱ-ru (“tear (of the eyes)”)
  • *h₂éḱ-mō ~ *h₂ḱ-m̥n-és (“stone”)
  • *h₂ḱ-méh₂
    • Proto-Hellenic: *akmā́
      • Ancient Greek: ἀκμή (akmḗ) (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂eḱ-(o)n-eh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *ahanō ~ *aganō (“awn, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic:
      • Latin: agna (“blade/ear of grain”)
  • *h₂ḱ-éh₂
    • Proto-Hellenic: *akā́
  • *h₂éḱ-os ~ *h₂éḱ-es-os (s-stem)[1]
    • Proto-Italic: *akos
      • Latin: acus (“bran, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *ahaz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ákos
      • Ancient Greek: -ήκης (-ḗkēs)
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: τανυήκης (tanuḗkēs, “having a long/thin edge/point”)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *āke
  • *h₂óḱ-s-u-
  • *h₂eḱ-stí-[6][7]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstis[8] or *aśtis[9]
      • Eastern Baltic:
        • Latvian: aksts (“prickle, sharp point”)
        • Lithuanian: akstìs (“spit, thorn, prick”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *ȏstь (“sharp point, spike; awn; fishbone”)
        • East Slavic:
        • West Slavic:
        • South Slavic:
          • Serbo-Croatian: ȍsti (pl.), ȍstve (pl.)
          • Slovene: ǫ̂st
      • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstinas[10] or *aśtinas[11] (“sharp point, prickle; pointed stick for driving cattle”)
        • Eastern Baltic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *ostь̀nъ (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”)[7][12][13]
      • Old Irish: aitten
      • ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīnā (collective)[7]
        • Proto-Brythonic:
    • Proto-Tocharian:
  • *h₂eḱ-stu-
    • Proto-Italic: *akstus
      • Latin: astus
        • ⇒ Latin: astūtus (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂óḱ-et-s (“harrow”)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Albanian: ath, eh, thua
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: հասկ (hask) (possibly)
      • Armenian: ոսի (osi) (possibly)
    • Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬀 (asūra, “point”)
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (aśäjä, “sharp; stony”)
      • Parthian: (/⁠bōδāžār⁠/, “sharp-smell; spices”)
        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (bwdʾcʾr)
        • → Classical Persian: بوزار (bōzār, “hot spices”) (only used for pepper, cinnamon, etc.)
      • Persian: آچار (âčâr, “pickle, marinade”)
      • Pashto: اښار (āẍār, “acidic; sour; pickle; sadman”)
      • Classical Persian: آژیخ (āžīx, “solid tears, rheum”) (perhaps from *āsikah)
      • Classical Persian: آژدف (āždaf, “an acidic fruit, medlar”), ازدف (azdaf)

Compounds

References
  1. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₂ek̂-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 287–300
  2. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ahila- ~ *agila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 5
  3. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “aseɫn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 115–117
  4. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*osьla”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 381
  5. Snoj, Marko (2003) Slovenski etimološki slovar, Ljubljana: Modrijan
  6. Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*hₐek̂stí-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 165
  7. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*axto-, *axtīno-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 50–51
  8. Derksen, Rick (2015) “akstis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 48
  9. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*ȏstь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 380
  10. Derksen, Rick (2015) “akstinas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 48
  11. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*ostь̀nъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 380
  12. R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “eithin”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
  13. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “āśce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 61
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