革命

Chinese
leather; remove life; fate
simp. and trad.
(革命)		 革 命
Literally: “to change destiny”.

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 革 命
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 麥 (119) 庚 (111)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II III
Fanqie 古核切 眉病切
Baxter keak mjaengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kˠɛk̚/ /mˠiæŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kᵚæk̚/ /mᵚiaŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kɐk̚/ /miaŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kəɨjk̚/ /miajŋH/
Li
Rong		 /kɛk̚/ /miɐŋH/
Wang
Li		 /kæk̚/ /mĭɐŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kæk̚/ /mi̯ɐŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 ge mìng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 gak1 ming6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 革 革 命
Reading # 1/2 2/2 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 gé gé mìng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kɛk › ‹ kɛk › ‹ mjængH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kˁrək/ /*kˁrək/ /*m-riŋ-s/ (dialect: *m-r- > *mr-, *-iŋ> *-eŋ)
English hide, skin change (v.) command (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 革 命
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 3835 8275
Phonetic
component		 革 令
Rime
group		 職 耕
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 隔 命
Old
Chinese		 /*krɯːɡ/ /*mreŋs/
Notes 令轉註字

Verb

革命

  1. to revolt; to start a revolution
  2. (figurative) to revolutionize; to transform completely
  3. (literary) to change in accordance with the Mandate of Heaven (i.e. to have a dynastic change)

Noun

革命

  1. revolution (political upheaval or sudden change in a situation or discipline)
    以革命的名義／以革命的名义  ―  yǐ gémìng de míngyì  ―  in the name of revolution

Adjective

革命

  1. (attributive) revolutionary
    革命軍／革命军  ―  gémìng jūn  ―  revolutionary army
    昂揚的革命精神／昂扬的革命精神  ―  ángyáng de gémìng jīngshén  ―  elated revolutionary spirit

Derived terms

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (革命):

Japanese
Kanji in this term
革 命
かく
Grade: 6		 めい
Grade: 3
kan’on

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 革命 (MC keak mjaengH, “to switch to a new dynasty/regime”), from 革 (“to change; to reform”) +‎ 命 (“fate; command; mandate”, for example, as in the 天命 (Tenmei, “Mandate of Heaven”) that feudal East Asian emperors claimed to fulfil as 天子 (Tenshi, “Son of Heaven”)). In China, the 天子 (Tenshi, “Son of Heaven”) was said to rule the world, including establishing a new dynasty, by receiving the 天命 (Tenmei, “Mandate of Heaven”) (or 元命). This word has been used for a long time in Japan, starting from the introduction of I Ching (易經). Western Affairs (『西洋事情』, 1866-70) of Fukuzawa Yukichi (福󠄁澤 諭󠄀吉) used this word as a translation of the English word "revolution", and it was later popularised by Nakae Chōmin (中江 兆民) and others.

Pronunciation

Noun

革(かく)命(めい) • (kakumei) 

  1. a revolution; a coup d'état
    • 2002 July 18, “逃(に)げまどう民(たみ) [People Running About]”, in ユニオンの降臨 [Advent of the Union], Konami:
      いつも苦(くる)しみに耐(た)えているが、いつか必(かなら)ず革(かく)命(めい)を起(お)こすと心(こころ)に誓(ちか)っている。
      Itsumo kurushimi ni taeteiru ga, itsuka kanarazu kakumei o okosu to kokoro ni chikatteiru.
      Although they always suffer in silence, they swear an oath to inevitably revolt.
    • 2002 July 18, “団(だん)結(けつ)するレジスタンス [United Resistance]”, in ユニオンの降臨 [Advent of the Union], Konami:
      強(きょう)大(だい)な力(ちから)に立(た)ち向(む)かう誓(ちか)いを交(か)わすために集(しゅう)結(けつ)した人(ひと)々(びと)。革(かく)命(めい)の日(ひ)は近(ちか)い。
      Kyōdai na chikara ni tachimukau chikai o kawasu tame ni shūketsu shita hitobito. Kakumei no hi wa chikai.
      People are gathering to swear an oath to revolt against their oppressors. The revolution is drawing nigh.
  2. one of the sankaku in traditional cosmology; a year often accompanied by change

Derived terms
Derived terms

See also

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean
Hanja in this term
革命

Noun

革命 • (hyeongmyeong) (hangeul 혁명)

  1. Hanja form? of 혁명 (“revolution”).

Vietnamese
chữ Hán Nôm in this term
革命

Noun

革命

  1. chữ Hán form of cách mệnh (“revolution”).
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