五段活用

Japanese
Kanji in this term
五 段 活 用
ご
Grade: 1		 だん
Grade: 6		 かつ
Grade: 2		 よう
Grade: 2
on’yomi goon kan’on

Etymology

Compound of 五段 (godan, “quintigrade, five-grade”) +‎ 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”).

Literally, 五段 (godan, “five grades”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. It means five vowels are involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus, this can be understood as "five-voweled conjugation".

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) ごだんか​つよー [gòdáń káꜜtsùyòò] (Nakadaka – [4])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ɡo̞dã̠ŋ ka̠t͡sɨᵝjo̞ː]

Noun

五(ご)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (godan katsuyō) ←ごだんくわつよう (godan kwatuyou)?

  1. (grammar) a verbal conjugation class consisting of five alternating bases: -a, -i, -u, -e, and -o
    An extension of the earlier 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) class.
    The fifth base, -o, is a pseudo-base derived from the suffix う (-u) attaching to the irrealis conjugation stem that ends in -a, resulting in あう (-au), which phonologically regularly elides into [oː].
未然形
Irrealis		 連用形
Adverbial		 終止形
Conclusive		 連体形
Attributive		 仮定形
Conditional		 命令形
Imperative
書く (kak-, “to write”) 書か (kaka)
書こ (kako-)		 書き (kaki)
書い (kai-)		 書く (kaku) 書く (kaku) 書け (kake) 書け (kake)
立つ (tat-, “to stand”) 立た (tata)
立と (tato-)		 立ち (tachi)
立っ (ta'-)		 立つ (tatsu) 立つ (tatsu) 立て (tate) 立て (tate)
読む (yom-, “to read”) 読ま (yoma)
読も (yomo-)		 読み (yomi)
読ん (yon-)		 読む (yomu) 読む (yomu) 読め (yome) 読め (yome)

See also
  • Category:Japanese type 1 verbs

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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