عالم

Arabic

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Aramaic עָלְמָא / ܥܳܠܡܳܐ (ʿāləmā) or Hebrew עוֹלָם (ʿōlām), possibly from Akkadian 𒂖𒆷𒈬𒌋𒀀 (/⁠ellamu, illamu⁠/, “front, before; both temporally and in location; coming before your time or being currently physically before you now”).

The pattern فَاعَل (fāʕal)

The pattern فَاعَل (fāʕal) is considered originally foreign to Arabic and Ethiopic, occurring only in likely loanwords such as طَابَع (ṭābaʕ), خَاتَم (ḵātam), فَالَج (fālaj). It should be noted some of these loans are suspected to be early, such as خَاتَم (ḵātam) being present in Old Arabian Inscriptions and عَالَم (ʕālam) retaining the sound masculine plural ending in spite of being treated as a non-human plural; a feature that suggests it existed prior to the restriction of such a use exclusively for male humans; whereas one group renders known Middle Iranian suffixes, as in طَابَق (ṭābaq) and سَاذَج (sāḏaj) and رَامَك (rāmak) and via Aramaic fricativized as in كَامَخ (kāmaḵ) the ending of which became Classical Persian ـه (-a) and ـک (-ak). Nautically, even Dravidian borrowings with this measure like طَالَم (ṭālam) are possible early. Consequently due to its early appearance, the فَاعَل (fāʕal) pattern has since become a sparsely used coined pattern in its own right, typically however still being reserved for loanwords using the structure of these earlier loans as their basis; for example the later loan طَاقَم (ṭāqam).

Alternative forms

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ʕaː.lam/

Noun

عَالَم • (ʕālam) m (plural عَالَمُون (ʕālamūn) or عَوَالِم (ʕawālim))

  1. world
  2. universe, cosmos, existence
  3. (chiefly Christianity) world, hereunder, worldly life
    Synonym: دُنْيَا (dunyā)
    فِي العالَمِ يَكُونُ لَكُم ضِيقٌ، وَلٰكِن ثِقُوا: أَنَا قَد غَلَبْتُ العالَم.
    fī l-ʕālami yakūnu lakum ḍīqun, walākin ṯiqū: ʔanā qad ḡalabtu l-ʕālam.
    In the world ye shall have tribulation; but be of good cheer: I have overcome the world. (John 16:33)
  4. things, creation, that which exists before you
  5. nation, people, group, type, or kind
Declension
Declension of noun عَالَم (ʕālam)
Singular basic singular triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal عَالَم
ʕālam		 الْعَالَم
al-ʕālam		 عَالَم
ʕālam
Nominative عَالَمٌ
ʕālamun		 الْعَالَمُ
al-ʕālamu		 عَالَمُ
ʕālamu
Accusative عَالَمًا
ʕālaman		 الْعَالَمَ
al-ʕālama		 عَالَمَ
ʕālama
Genitive عَالَمٍ
ʕālamin		 الْعَالَمِ
al-ʕālami		 عَالَمِ
ʕālami
Dual Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal عَالَمَيْن
ʕālamayn		 الْعَالَمَيْن
al-ʕālamayn		 عَالَمَيْ
ʕālamay
Nominative عَالَمَانِ
ʕālamāni		 الْعَالَمَانِ
al-ʕālamāni		 عَالَمَا
ʕālamā
Accusative عَالَمَيْنِ
ʕālamayni		 الْعَالَمَيْنِ
al-ʕālamayni		 عَالَمَيْ
ʕālamay
Genitive عَالَمَيْنِ
ʕālamayni		 الْعَالَمَيْنِ
al-ʕālamayni		 عَالَمَيْ
ʕālamay
Plural sound masculine plural‎; basic broken plural diptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal عَالَمِين‎; عَوَالِم
ʕālamīn‎; ʕawālim		 الْعَالَمِين‎; الْعَوَالِم
al-ʕālamīn‎; al-ʕawālim		 عَالَمِي‎; عَوَالِم
ʕālamī‎; ʕawālim
Nominative عَالَمُونَ‎; عَوَالِمُ
ʕālamūna‎; ʕawālimu		 الْعَالَمُونَ‎; الْعَوَالِمُ
al-ʕālamūna‎; al-ʕawālimu		 عَالَمُو‎; عَوَالِمُ
ʕālamū‎; ʕawālimu
Accusative عَالَمِينَ‎; عَوَالِمَ
ʕālamīna‎; ʕawālima		 الْعَالَمِينَ‎; الْعَوَالِمَ
al-ʕālamīna‎; al-ʕawālima		 عَالَمِي‎; عَوَالِمَ
ʕālamī‎; ʕawālima
Genitive عَالَمِينَ‎; عَوَالِمَ
ʕālamīna‎; ʕawālima		 الْعَالَمِينَ‎; الْعَوَالِمِ
al-ʕālamīna‎; al-ʕawālimi		 عَالَمِي‎; عَوَالِمِ
ʕālamī‎; ʕawālimi
Descendants

Etymology 2

Derived from the active participle of the verb عَلِمَ (ʕalima, “to know”), from the root ع ل م (ʕ-l-m).

Noun

عَالِم • (ʕālim) m (plural عَالِمُون (ʕālimūn) or عُلَمَاء (ʕulamāʔ), feminine عَالِمَة (ʕālima))

  1. scholar, man of letters, scientist
  2. knowledgeable person, savant
Declension
Declension of noun عَالِم (ʕālim)
Singular Masculine Feminine
basic singular triptote singular triptote in ـَة (-a)
Indefinite Definite Construct Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal عَالِم
ʕālim		 الْعَالِم
al-ʕālim		 عَالِم
ʕālim		 عَالِمَة
ʕālima		 الْعَالِمَة
al-ʕālima		 عَالِمَة
ʕālimat
Nominative عَالِمٌ
ʕālimun		 الْعَالِمُ
al-ʕālimu		 عَالِمُ
ʕālimu		 عَالِمَةٌ
ʕālimatun		 الْعَالِمَةُ
al-ʕālimatu		 عَالِمَةُ
ʕālimatu
Accusative عَالِمًا
ʕāliman		 الْعَالِمَ
al-ʕālima		 عَالِمَ
ʕālima		 عَالِمَةً
ʕālimatan		 الْعَالِمَةَ
al-ʕālimata		 عَالِمَةَ
ʕālimata
Genitive عَالِمٍ
ʕālimin		 الْعَالِمِ
al-ʕālimi		 عَالِمِ
ʕālimi		 عَالِمَةٍ
ʕālimatin		 الْعَالِمَةِ
al-ʕālimati		 عَالِمَةِ
ʕālimati
Dual Masculine Feminine
Indefinite Definite Construct Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal عَالِمَيْن
ʕālimayn		 الْعَالِمَيْن
al-ʕālimayn		 عَالِمَيْ
ʕālimay		 عَالِمَتَيْن
ʕālimatayn		 الْعَالِمَتَيْن
al-ʕālimatayn		 عَالِمَتَيْ
ʕālimatay
Nominative عَالِمَانِ
ʕālimāni		 الْعَالِمَانِ
al-ʕālimāni		 عَالِمَا
ʕālimā		 عَالِمَتَانِ
ʕālimatāni		 الْعَالِمَتَانِ
al-ʕālimatāni		 عَالِمَتَا
ʕālimatā
Accusative عَالِمَيْنِ
ʕālimayni		 الْعَالِمَيْنِ
al-ʕālimayni		 عَالِمَيْ
ʕālimay		 عَالِمَتَيْنِ
ʕālimatayni		 الْعَالِمَتَيْنِ
al-ʕālimatayni		 عَالِمَتَيْ
ʕālimatay
Genitive عَالِمَيْنِ
ʕālimayni		 الْعَالِمَيْنِ
al-ʕālimayni		 عَالِمَيْ
ʕālimay		 عَالِمَتَيْنِ
ʕālimatayni		 الْعَالِمَتَيْنِ
al-ʕālimatayni		 عَالِمَتَيْ
ʕālimatay
Plural Masculine Feminine
sound masculine plural‎; basic broken plural diptote sound feminine plural
Indefinite Definite Construct Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal عَالِمِين‎; عُلَمَاء
ʕālimīn‎; ʕulamāʔ		 الْعَالِمِين‎; الْعُلَمَاء
al-ʕālimīn‎; al-ʕulamāʔ		 عَالِمِي‎; عُلَمَاء
ʕālimī‎; ʕulamāʔ		 عَالِمَات
ʕālimāt		 الْعَالِمَات
al-ʕālimāt		 عَالِمَات
ʕālimāt
Nominative عَالِمُونَ‎; عُلَمَاءُ
ʕālimūna‎; ʕulamāʔu		 الْعَالِمُونَ‎; الْعُلَمَاءُ
al-ʕālimūna‎; al-ʕulamāʔu		 عَالِمُو‎; عُلَمَاءُ
ʕālimū‎; ʕulamāʔu		 عَالِمَاتٌ
ʕālimātun		 الْعَالِمَاتُ
al-ʕālimātu		 عَالِمَاتُ
ʕālimātu
Accusative عَالِمِينَ‎; عُلَمَاءَ
ʕālimīna‎; ʕulamāʔa		 الْعَالِمِينَ‎; الْعُلَمَاءَ
al-ʕālimīna‎; al-ʕulamāʔa		 عَالِمِي‎; عُلَمَاءَ
ʕālimī‎; ʕulamāʔa		 عَالِمَاتٍ
ʕālimātin		 الْعَالِمَاتِ
al-ʕālimāti		 عَالِمَاتِ
ʕālimāti
Genitive عَالِمِينَ‎; عُلَمَاءَ
ʕālimīna‎; ʕulamāʔa		 الْعَالِمِينَ‎; الْعُلَمَاءِ
al-ʕālimīna‎; al-ʕulamāʔi		 عَالِمِي‎; عُلَمَاءِ
ʕālimī‎; ʕulamāʔi		 عَالِمَاتٍ
ʕālimātin		 الْعَالِمَاتِ
al-ʕālimāti		 عَالِمَاتِ
ʕālimāti
Descendants

References
  • “ˁlm”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
  • Fischer, Wolfdietrich (2006) Grammatik des Klassischen Arabisch (in German), 4th edition, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, § 62 Anm. 5, page 36
  • Fraenkel, Siegmund (1880) De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis‎ (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 17
  • Fraenkel, Siegmund (1880) De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis‎ (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 21
  • Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 208–209
  • Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎ (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 112

Kohistani Shina

Noun

عالم ('alim)

  1. teacher

North Levantine Arabic

Etymology

From Arabic عالَم (ʕālam).

Noun

عالم • (ʕālam) m (plural عوالم (ʕwālim))

  1. world
    Synonym: دني (dini)
  2. people, folk
    Synonym: ناس (nās)
    كان في كتير عالم هنيك.
    Kān fi ktīr ʕālam hunīk.
    There were a lot of people there.

Usage notes
  • When meaning “people” it is often construed with a feminine or plural verb, like ناس.

Ottoman Turkish
عَالِم

Etymology 1

From Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam).

Noun

عالم • (alem) (plural عالمون (alemun), and عوالم (ewalim))

  1. world, universe, everything except God
  2. age, time, period
Descendants

Etymology 2

From Arabic عَالِم (ʕālim).

Noun

عالم • (alim) (plural علما (ulema), and علام (ullam))

  1. learned man, scholar, man of letters
  2. particularly, a member of a certain class of men with a state-sponsored tenure, as distinguished from a mufti, being part of the askeri class, alim [since Mehmed II]

Adjective

عالم • (alim)

  1. learned, educated
    عالم بر خاتون ― alim bir hatun ― a learned lady

Descendants

Further reading

Persian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam).

Pronunciation
 
  • (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [ʔɑː.lǽm]
    • (Kabuli) IPA(key): [ʔɑː.lǽm]
    • (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [ʔɔː.lǽm]

Readings
Classical reading? ālam
Dari reading? ālam
Iranian reading? âlam
Tajik reading? olam

Noun
Dari عالم
Iranian Persian
Tajik олам

عالَم • ('âlam)

  1. world; universe
    Synonyms: جهان (jahân), دنیا (donyâ)
Descendants
  • → Gujarati: આલમ (ālam)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic عَالِم (ʕālim).

Pronunciation
 
  • (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [ʔɑː.lɪ́m]
    • (Kabuli) IPA(key): [ʔɑː.lɪ́m]
    • (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [ʔɔː.lím]

Readings
Classical reading? ālim
Dari reading? ālim
Iranian reading? âlem
Tajik reading? olim

Adjective
Dari عالم
Iranian Persian
Tajik олим

عالِم • ('âlem)

  1. learned; knowledgeable
  • علم ('elm, “knowledge”)
Descendants
  • → Gujarati: આલિમ (ālim)

Punjabi

Etymology 1

From Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ɑː.lə.mᵊ/

Noun

عالَم • (ʻālam) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਆਲਮ)

  1. world
  2. universe
  3. kingdom
  4. state, condition

Etymology 2

From Arabic عَالِم (ʕālim).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ɑː.lə.mᵊ/

Adjective

عالَم • (ʻālam) (Gurmukhi spelling ਆਲਮ)

  1. learned
  2. knowledgeable
  3. intelligent
  4. wise
Usage notes
  • Many Arabic loanwords, such as عالَم (ʻālam), can have multiple meanings in Punjabi, where in this case, one is related to the noun, while the latter meaning is used to refer to the adjective. Both are borrowed from different Arabic words, yet have the same pronunciation in Punjabi, unlike in, the sister language, Urdu عالِم ('ālim), (and rarely in Hindi आलिम (ālim)), where there is a distinction in pronunciation between the adjective and the noun. This can cause ambiguity as generally Punjabi speakers, who tend to also speak Hindi and Urdu, might actually mix words from either languages and not emphasise on the difference in pronunciation.

South Levantine Arabic
Root
ع ل م
7 terms

Etymology 1

From Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ʕaː.lam/, [ˈʕæː.lam]
  • Audio (Ramallah)(file)

Noun

عالم • (ʕālam) m

  1. world
    Synonym: دنيا (dinya)

Etymology 2

From Arabic عَالِم (ʕālim).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ʕaː.lim/, [ˈʕæː.lɪm]
  • Audio (Ramallah)(file)

Adjective

عالم • (ʕālem) (feminine عالمة (ʕālme), elative أعلم (ʔaʕlam))

  1. aware
  2. (formal) knowing

Noun

عالم • (ʕālem) m (plural علماء (ʕulamāʔ), feminine عالمة (ʕālme))

  1. scholar, scientist
    Synonym: باحث (bāḥes)

Urdu

Etymology 1

From Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam).

Pronunciation

Noun

عالَم • ('ālam) m (Hindi spelling आलम)

  1. world
  2. universe
  3. mankind
  4. kingdom
  5. season
  6. state, condition
  7. age, period

Etymology 2

From Arabic عَالِم (ʕālim).

Pronunciation

Adjective

عالِم • ('ālim) (Hindi spelling आलिम)

  1. learned
  2. knowledgeable
  3. intelligent
  4. wise

Noun

عالم • ('ālim) m (Hindi spelling आलिम)

  1. doctor
  2. scientist
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