استخوان

Arabic
Root
خ و ن (ḵ-w-n)

Noun

اِسْتِخْوَان • (istiḵwān) m

  1. verbal noun of اِسْتَخْوَنَ (istaḵwana) (form X)

Declension
Declension of noun اِسْتِخْوَان (istiḵwān)
Singular basic singular triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal اِسْتِخْوَان
istiḵwān		 الِاسْتِخْوَان
al-istiḵwān		 اِسْتِخْوَان
istiḵwān
Nominative اِسْتِخْوَانٌ
istiḵwānun		 الِاسْتِخْوَانُ
al-istiḵwānu		 اِسْتِخْوَانُ
istiḵwānu
Accusative اِسْتِخْوَانًا
istiḵwānan		 الِاسْتِخْوَانَ
al-istiḵwāna		 اِسْتِخْوَانَ
istiḵwāna
Genitive اِسْتِخْوَانٍ
istiḵwānin		 الِاسْتِخْوَانِ
al-istiḵwāni		 اِسْتِخْوَانِ
istiḵwāni

Persian

Etymology

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾsthwʾn' /⁠astuxwān⁠/, “bone”), from Proto-Iranian *HástHáhuānām, a compound from *HástH (“bone”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).

Cognate with Mazanderani هسکا (hassekā), Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”), Latin os.

Pronunciation
 
  • (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [ʔʊs.t̪ʰʊ.xɑːn]
    • (Kabuli) IPA(key): [ʔʊs.t̪ʰʊ.xɑːn]
    • (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [ʔus.t̪ʰu.xɔːn]
 

Readings
Classical reading? ustuxwān
Dari reading? ustuxān
Iranian reading? ostoxân
Tajik reading? ustuxon

Noun
Dari استخوان
Iranian Persian
Tajik устухон

اُسْتُخْوَان • (ostoxân)

  1. bone (anatomy)
    Synonyms: (medical) عظم (azm), (rare) است (ast)
  2. stone (of fruits)

Alternative forms
  • اُستُخون (ostoxun) (colloquial Iranian)
  • سُتْخوان (sotxân), سُتَخوان (sotaxân), اُستُخان (ostoxân) (all obsolete)

Derived terms

Descendants
  • → Azerbaijani: üstüxan
  • → Chagatai: استخوان
    • Uyghur: ئۇستۇخان (ustuxan)
    • Uzbek: ustuxon
  • → Ottoman Turkish: استخوان (üstühan)
  • → Urdu: اُسْتُخوان (ustuxvān)

Further reading

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian استخوان (ustuxʷān).

Pronunciation

Noun

اُسْتُخوان • (ustuxwān) m (Hindi spelling उस्तुख़वान)

  1. bone
  2. skeleton

References
  • “استخوان”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
  • “استخوان”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
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