van

• enPR: văn, IPA^(key): /væn/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -æn

Short for caravan.

van (plural vans)

1. A covered motor vehicle used to carry goods or (normally less than ten) persons, usually roughly cuboid in shape, Depending on the type of van, it can be bigger or smaller than a pickup truck and SUV, and longer and higher than a car but relatively smaller than a truck/lorry or a bus.

   Synonyms: (chiefly if used to carry a few people; "minivan" is officially used in North America) minivan, minibus

   The van sped down the road.

2. (British) An enclosed railway vehicle for transport of goods, such as a boxcar/box van.
3. (dated) A light wagon, either covered or open, used by tradesmen and others for the transportation of goods.
4. (aerospace) A large towable vehicle equipped for the repair of structures that cannot easily be moved.
   • 1959, Western Aerospace, volume 39, page 46:

     Designed to be fully mobile and self-contained, the complete equipment includes an air-conditioned van containing all necessary electronic gear and a flat bed trailer in which missiles, jet engines and other large assemblies may be cleaned.

van (third-person singular simple present vans, present participle vanning, simple past and past participle vanned)

1. (transitive) To transport in a van or similar vehicle (especially of horses).
   • 1966, United States Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

     I have to have a license to own them, a license to train them, my jockey has to have a license to ride them, the van company must have a license to van them, and the black shoe man must have a license to shoe them.

   • 1999, Bonnie Bryant, Changing Leads, page 53:

     [They] had their own horses, but they hadn't bothered to van them over to Pine Hollow for this outing.

2. (Internet slang, used in passive voice) Of law enforcement: to arrest (not necessarily in a van; derived from party van).
   • 2011, The hackers hacked: main Anonymous IRC servers invaded‎:

     One Anon explained the reason for this, saying: "As for the domains, they were transferred to Ryan after some of us got vanned so he can keep the network up. What he did certainly wasn't the plan." (Getting "vanned" refers to getting picked up by the police.)

   • 2012, FBI names, arrests Anon who infiltrated its secret conference call‎:

     He later told CW that he had been "v&" or "vanned" by the police, and he expressed surprise that the police showed him detailed transcripts of his conversations.

   • 2013, Redditor Confesses to Murder with Meme, Gets Doxed by Other Redditors, Deletes His Account and Disappears‎:

     But not before someone supposedly forwarded all the information onto the FBI. In a last-ditch effort to avoid getting "vanned," Naratto tried to put the memie back in the bottle

   • 2015 13-year-old credited with hacking CIA director’s AOL account gives bizarre, possibly final interview

     The hacker says he thinks he is about to be v&, or “vanned,” meaning being raided by law enforcement, sometime soon.

   • 2016, Teen Allegedly Behind CIA, FBI Breaches: 'They're Trying to Ruin My Life.'‎:

     On Wednesday night, Motherboard spoke to the teenager accused of being Cracka. "I got fucking v&," he told Motherboard, using "v&," the slang for "vanned," or getting arrested. (At this point, the arrest had not been made public.)

   • 2017, Dark Ops: An Anonymous Story‎, page 8:

     Commander X: Yep, so now you all know how I got vanned. And you just met the snitch who did it to me.

• v&

• lorry
• transit (UK)
• truck

Shortening of vanguard.

van (plural vans)

1. Clipping of vanguard.
   • 1667, John Milton, Paradise Lost‎, book 5, lines 588–590:

     Ten thousand thousand Ensignes high advanc'd, / Standards, and Gonfalons twixt Van and Reare / Streame in the Aire, and for distinction serve

   • 1698, Ned Ward, The London Spy:

     Then a bumper to the Queen led the van of our good wishes, another to the Church Established, a third was left to the whim of the toaster […]

   • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volumes (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

     As for the guides, they were debarred from the pleasure of discourse, the one being placed in the van, and the other obliged to bring up the rear.

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

     We expressed our readiness, and in ten minutes were in the station wagon, rolling rapidly down the long drive, for it was then after nine. We passed on the way the van of the guests from Asquith.

   • 1965, “Virāṭa Parva”, in Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan, transl., The Mahābhārata, book 4, translation of original in Sanskrit, section 33, page 84:

     Bhīṣma then outlined the following strategy: “… Let Karṇa, clad in armour, stand in the van. And I shall command the entire army in the rear.”

From Cornish.

van (plural vans)

1. (mining) A shovel used in cleansing ore.

van (third-person singular simple present vans, present participle vanning, simple past and past participle vanned)

1. (mining) To wash or cleanse, as a small portion of ore, on a shovel.[1]

• vanner

From Latin vannus (“a van, or fan for winnowing grain”): compare French van and English fan, winnow. Doublet of fan.

van (plural vans)

1. A fan or other contrivance, such as a sieve, for winnowing grain.
2. A wing with which the air is beaten.
   • 1671, John Milton, “The Fourth Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J. M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, pages 108–109, lines 578–580:

     So Satan fell; and ſtrait a fiery Globe / Of Angels on full ſail of wing flew nigh, / Who on their plumy Vans receiv'd him ſoft […]

   • 1717, John Dryden, Ovid's Metamorphoses, book XII:

     He wheeled in air, and stretched his vans in vain; / His vans no longer could his flight sustain.

   • 1930, T.S. Eliot, Ash Wednesday:

     Because these wings are no longer wings to fly / But merely vans to beat the air […]

• vane

• “van”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• “van”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.

• AVN, NAV, NVA, nav

From Dutch van (“from; of”).

• IPA^(key): /fan/

• Audio

  (file)

van

1. of
2. from

• se

van

1. (used with a following definite article) some of (the)

   Van die wêreld se beste wyne kom van hierdie streek af.

   Some of the world’s best wines are from this region.

   Ons het met van die belangrikste politieke leiers gespreek.

   We have spoken to some of the most important political leaders.

From French vent.

van

1. air
2. wind
3. breath
4. intestinal gas

• varen (auxiliary)
• vanen (Alghero, main verb)

• IPA^(key): (Central) [ˈban]
• IPA^(key): (Balearic, Valencian) [ˈvan]

van

1. third-person plural present indicative of anar

   Van al cinema. ― They go to the cinema.

2. (auxiliary, with infinitive) third-person plural present indicative of anar

   Van anar al cinema. ― They went to the cinema.

• 灣／湾 (wān), 𨋍

From English van.

van

1. (Hong Kong Cantonese, often in compounds) van; minibus; vehicle (Classifier: 架 c)

   • 我見架架van都係以9.9秒落貨，之後逃去無蹤嘅。 [Cantonese, trad.]
     我见架架van都系以9.9秒落货，之后逃去无踪嘅。 [Cantonese, simp.]

     From: 2017, 留意思, 香港劏居, chapter 13

     ngo⁵ gin³ gaa³ gaa³ wen¹ dou¹ hai⁶ ji⁵ 9.9 miu⁵ lok⁶ fo³, zi¹ hau⁶ tou⁴ heoi³ mou⁴ zung¹ ge³. [Jyutping]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

• IPA^(key): [ˈvan]
• Hyphenation: van

van m inan

1. (archaic, poetic) breeze (light, gentle wind)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

van f

1. genitive plural of vana

• van in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• van in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
• van in Internetová jazyková příručka

From Old Norse vanr (pl vanir (“one of two groups of gods in Norse mythology”)).

• IPA^(key): /vaːn/, [væːˀn]

van c (singular definite vanen, plural indefinite vaner)

1. one of the Vanir

From English van.

• IPA^(key): /vaːn/, [væːn]

van c (singular definite vanen, plural indefinite vaner)

1. van

From Old Norse vanr (“wont, accustomed”).

• IPA^(key): /van/, [van]

van

1. (dated) pleje van – nurse, take care of

• Has been replaced by vant ("usual", "customary").

From Middle Dutch van, from Old Dutch fan (“from”), from Proto-Germanic *fanē, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂poneh₁ (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo, *h₂pó (“off, of”). Cognate with Old Saxon fana, fan (“from”), Old Frisian fan, fon (“from”), Old High German fona, fon (“from”).

• IPA^(key): /vɑn/
• (Northern) [fɑn]
• (Suriname) [fan]

• Audio (NL)

  (file)

• Hyphenation: van
• Rhymes: -ɑn

van

1. of (possession, property)

   de hoed van het meisje

   the hat of the girl

   het gewicht van een olifant

   the weight of an elephant

2. of (general association)

   Zij was van adel.

   She was of noble stock.

   een stad van één miljoen inwoners

   a city of one million inhabitants

   Hij is een man van eer.

   He's a man of honour.

   Dat is hier niet van toepassing.

   That's not applicable here.

   de trein van tien uur

   the train of ten o'clock

3. by, of (creator)

   een schilderij van Rubens

   a painting by Rubens

   een plaat van de Beatles

   a record of the Beatles

4. from (origin)

   Hij komt van Griekenland.

   He's from Greece.

5. from (starting point of a movement or change)

   Hij ging van deur tot deur.

   He went from door to door.

   van vader op zoon.

   from father to son.

6. from (starting point in time)

   van toen af aan.

   from then onwards

   van 's avonds laat tot 's morgens vroeg

   from late at night till the early morning

   van dag tot dag

   from day to day

7. from, off (removal of something from off something else)

   het vlees van de beenderen snijden.

   to cut the meat from the bones

8. of, out of, from, with (cause)

   sidderen van angst

   to tremble with fear

   tranen van geluk

   tears of joy

9. of, out of, with (material or resource)

   Deze tafel is gemaakt van hout.

   This table is made (out) of wood.

   Van dit geld kan ik een basgitaar kopen.

   With this money I'm able to buy a bass.

10. of, out of, among (out of a larger whole; partitive)

    de jongste van zijn dochters

    the youngest of his daughters

    Van alle mensen ben ik de mooiste.

    Out of all people I am the most beautiful.

    Drink niet te veel van dat bier, het is erg sterk.

    Don't drink too much of that beer, it is very strong.

11. from, was, formerly (indicating a change in price)

    van 5 €, voor 3 €

    was €5, now €3

12. (colloquial) like (quotative (used to introduce direct speech))

    Ik dacht van hé wat gek. — I thought, hey, how strange.

• Afrikaans: van
• Berbice Creole Dutch: fan
• Javindo: fan
• Jersey Dutch: vān, fān, f'n
• Negerhollands: van, fan, fa
  • → Virgin Islands Creole: fam
• Skepi Creole Dutch: fan

van

1. of, from

   Ik neem er tien van. — I’ll take ten of them.

2. from

   Ik vertrek van daar. — I’ll start from there.

3. by, from

   Ik word er gek van. — It drives me crazy.

   Men wordt daar sloom van. — It turns one numb.

4. of, about

   Wat zegt u daar van? — What do you say about that?

   Ik weet daar niks van. — I don’t know anything about that.

• daarvan
• ervan

van m (plural vans or vannen)

1. A surname or nickname beginning with the preposition van.
2. Any surname.

   Synonyms: achternaam, familienaam

• uit

• IPA^(key): /vɑ̃/

• Audio (CAN)

  (file)

Latin vannus

van m (plural vans)

1. a winnowing basket

Borrowed from English van.

van m (plural vans)

1. a horse trailer
   • Adolphe de Neuter, Mémoires d'un entraîneur, volume 1: La casaque rose, Paris: Imprimerie Kapp, 1925, p. 145

     C’est à l’occasion du Saint-Léger gagné par Elis que l’on usa pour la première fois d’un van comme mode de locomotion pour les chevaux. Ce fut l’occasion d’un coup monstre.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

     ils leur ont montré comment faire monter un cheval dans un van, le lâcher, effectuer les premiers soins de sauvetage avant l’arrivée du vétérinaire.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

• “van”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

• vao
• vão (reintegrationist)

From Old Galician-Portuguese vão (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin vānus (“empty”). Cognate with Portuguese vão and Spanish vano.

van (feminine va, masculine plural vans, feminine plural vas)

1. empty, devoid of content, containing only air
2. useless, ineffective
3. (of a person) vacuous, trivial-minded

van m (plural vans)

1. waist
2. empty, vacant

• en van

van

1. third-person plural present indicative of ir

• “vão” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
• “vão” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006–2018.
• “van” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
• “van” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.
• “van” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

van m (plural vans)

1. (agriculture) winnowing machine

From French vent (“wind”).

• IPA^(key): /vã/

van

1. wind

From Old Hungarian vagyon. See Hungarian volt.

• Forms beginning with v- are from Proto-Finno-Ugric *wole- (“to be”). Cognate with Northern Mansi о̄луӈкве (ōluňkwe), Finnish olla and Estonian olema. Compare inflected forms such as volt, volna, való and Old Hungarian vola or vala. See also vagy for the stem in present tense.

• Forms beginning with l- are from Proto-Finno-Ugric *le- (“to become”). Cognate with Finnish lienee (potential of olla), Karelian lienöy (potential of olla), Northern Sami leat.

• IPA^(key): [ˈvɒn]

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɒn

van

1. (copulative) to be

   Antonym: nem…

   Boldog vagyok. ― I am happy.

2. there to be, to exist

   Synonyms: létezik, található

   Antonym: nincs

   Van itt valaki? ― Is there anybody here?

3. to have; someone (-nak/-nek) has something (-a/-e/-ja/-je)

   Péternek van egy kutyája. ― Peter has a dog.

4. to be made (out) of something (with -ból/-ből)

   Synonym: készült

   Ez az ajtó fából van. ― This door is made out of wood.

5. (auxiliary, construed with -va/-ve (adverbial participle) of the main verb) to be (indicating the statal passive)

   A lakásom biztosítva van. (from biztosítva ← biztosít) ― My apartment (flat) is (has been) insured.

   A probléma meg van oldva. (from megoldva ← megold) ― The issue is (has been) solved.

   • 1846, János Arany, translated by Anton N. Nyerges, Toldi‎, canto 6, stanza 13:

     „Szakmány módra van rám mérve minden óra: / Jöttem kegyelmedhez búcsuvevő szóra.”

     “Every hour is measured as though by contract. / I come to bid you now farewell.”

The functions of this verb don’t fully overlap with the usage of corresponding verbs of other languages (compare Spanish ser, estar or Thai คือ (kʉʉ), เป็น (bpen), อยู่ (yùu)):

• Van egy törpe a zsebemben.   or   Törpe van a zsebemben. ― There is a dwarf in my pocket. – existence (used with an indefinite subject)
• [Nekem] van egy zsebtörpém. ― I have a pocket-dwarf. (literally, “[to me] there is a pocket-dwarf-my”) – possession
• A törpe a zsebemben van. ― The dwarf is in my pocket. – location (used with a prepositional phrase in English)
• A törpe jól van. ― The dwarf is well. – state, condition (used with an adverb in English)
• A törpe kicsi ∅. ― The dwarf is small. – copula (used with an adjective or a noun as part of the predicate)

• As we can see, the verb is omitted in the last sentence. It happens only in the given sense and only in the present-tense third-person singular and plural forms (“he/she/it” and “they”):

  When used with an adjective (qualification) or a noun (whether with the definite or the indefinite article), i.e. when it answers the question who? or what? (including what …… like?) or which?, the (indicative present third-person) forms van and vannak are omitted:

  Béla okos. ― Béla is clever.

  Béla a király. ― Béla is the king.

  Béla egy ember. ― Béla is a human.

  On the other hand, if is or are answers the question where? or how?, these verb forms will appear as usual:

  Béla itt van. ― Béla is here.

  Béla jól van. ― Béla is (feeling) well.

  It also appears if van/vannak is the focus of the sentence. This happens when the sentence means that the property described by the adjective (e.g. strength) reaches or exceeds some specified level and this is emphasized by the speaker. In this case, the adjective is preceded by a word like olyan (“such”), annyira (“that much”), elég (“enough”).

  Béla van annyira erős, hogy felemelje a szekrényt. ― Béla is strong enough to lift the cupboard.

  The forms other than van and vannak are always used.

  Béla okos volt. ― Béla was clever.

  Okos vagyok. ― I am clever.

  In other senses, all forms are used:

  With adverbs and adverbial participles (suffixed -va/-ve)

  Hogy van? ― How is he? (also How are you?, formal singular)

  El van törve. ― It is broken.

• The negative form is nincs or nincsen and sincs or sincsen (the latter two expressing “is not … either”).

  Nincs pénzem. ― I don't have any money.

  Itt sincs étel. ― There 'isn’t any food here either.

• If the predicate includes an adjective or a noun, that is, if it answers the question who, what etc. (see above), the third person present forms are omitted again, only nem remains:

  Béla nem tanár. ― Béla is not a teacher.

(exist, there is, to have): (have is expressed by there is in Hungarian):

• Van egy ház a hegyen. ― There is a house on the mountain.

  Van egy kutyám. ― I have a dog. (literally, “There is a dog-[of]-mine.”)

(With verbal prefixes):

• (all verb senses): van in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
• ([dialectal] synonym of the noun vagyon): van in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Borrowed from English van.

• IPA^(key): /vɛn/

van

1. van

van (comparative plus van, superlative le plus van)

1. vain, futile
2. vain, worthless
3. vain, conceited

van (apocopated)

1. Apocopic form of vano

Borrowed from English van.

van f (genitive singular van, plural vannyn)

1. van (vehicle)

• carr

From Old Dutch fan, from Proto-Germanic *fanē.

van

1. of
2. from (a place, person)
3. from (a time)
4. out of
5. from, out of, because of

• Dutch: van
  • Afrikaans: van
  • Berbice Creole Dutch: fan
  • Javindo: fan
  • Jersey Dutch: vān, fān, f'n
  • Negerhollands: van, fan, fa
    • → Virgin Islands Creole: fam
  • Skepi Creole Dutch: fan
• Limburgish: ven

• “van”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
• Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “van (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I

van

1. va + an, from a, of a

• “van” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

From Old Norse vanr.

van (neuter vant, definite singular and plural vane)

1. being used to (doing) something

• vand
• ven, venn
• venja

From Old Norse vanr m.

van m (definite singular vanen, indefinite plural vaner or vanar, definite plural vanene or vanane)

1. (Norse mythology) one of the Vanir

Borrowed from Dutch van (“of, from”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *fanē. Doublet of von.

van

1. Used in Dutch surnames.

• “van” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

• NAV, nav

• wan

Unadapted borrowing from English van.

• IPA^(key): /van/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: van

van m inan

1. van (covered motor vehicle used to carry goods or (normally less than ten) persons, usually roughly cuboid in shape, longer and higher than a car but relatively smaller than a truck/lorry or a bus)

   Synonym: pojazd wielozadaniowy

   Hyponym: minivan

• van in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• van in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• van in PWN's encyclopedia

• vã

Unadapted borrowing from English van.

• Homophones: Van, vã (Brazil)
• Rhymes: -ɐ̃

van f (plural vans)

1. (Brazil) van (a covered vehicle used for carrying goods)

   Synonym: furgão

Borrowed from Latin vānus, Italian vano.

• IPA^(key): /van/

van m or n (feminine singular vană, masculine plural vani, feminine and neuter plural vane)

1. vain
2. futile
3. idle
4. fruitless
5. vainglorious

• în van

• vanitate

• inutil, infructuos, vanitos
• în zadar
• zadarnic

From Proto-Slavic *vъnъ.

• IPA^(key): /ʋân/

vȁn (Cyrillic spelling ва̏н)

1. except

vȁn (Cyrillic spelling ва̏н) (+ genitive case)

1. outside, out

   van kuće ― outside, outdoors

2. out of

   van zemlje ― abroad

vȃn (Cyrillic spelling ва̑н)

1. out, outside, outdoors

• IPA^(key): /ˈban/ [ˈbãn]

• Audio (Colombia):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: van

Borrowed from English van.

van m (plural vanes)

1. van (vehicle)

From Latin vadunt, third-person plural present indicative of vadō (“to go”).

van

1. third-person plural present indicative of ir

From Old Norse vanr, from Proto-Germanic *wanaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wāno-.

• IPA^(key): /vɑːn/

• audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑːn

van (comparative vanare, superlative vanast)

1. accustomed to, used to, having the habit to

   Han är van vid att stiga upp klockan sju varje morgon.

   He is used to getting up at seven every morning.

2. experienced, adept

   Hon är en van bilförare.

   She is an experienced driver.

• ovan

• med van hand

• vana
• vänja
• ovana

• anv., nav

Unadapted borrowing from English van, short for caravan..

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈvan/ [ˈvan]
  • IPA^(key): (more native-sounding) /ˈban/ [ˈban]
• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: van

van (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜈ᜔)

1. van (covered vehicle)

• “van”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [vaːn˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [vaːŋ˧˧]
• (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [vaːŋ˧˧] ~ [jaːŋ˧˧]

van • (𠹚, 喛)

1. to beg, to implore

Borrowed from French valve.

(classifier cái) van

1. valve

Borrowed from French valse.

van

1. waltz

• (waltz): van-xơ

Southern speakers pronounce the loanwords meaning "valve" and "waltz" with the phoneme /n/, not /ŋ/.

van

1. Alternative form of fan
   • 1927, “ZONG OF TWI MAARKEET MOANS”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page 129, line 10:

     Van a vierd durst a bargher an a haar galshied too,

     When a weasel crossed the road, and a hare gazed at me too,

• Kathleen A. Browne (1927) The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Sixth Series, Vol.17 No.2, Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, page 129

van

1. heaven, sky

• Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 46