Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/bakïr

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Noun

*bakïr

copper (metal)

Declension

Declension of *bakïr

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*bakïr
Accusative	bakïrnï, bakïrïg ⁴⁾, *bakïrnïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*bakïrnïŋ
Dative	*bakïrka
Locative	*bakïrta
Ablative	*bakïrtan
Allative	*bakïrgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*bakïrïn
Equative ²⁾	*bakïrča
Similative ²⁾	*bakïrlayu
Comitative ²⁾	*bakïrlïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: пӑхӑр (păh̬ăr)
Common Turkic: *bakïr

Oghuz:
- Proto-Oghuz: *bakïr
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (baqır)
    - Azerbaijani: paxır
    - Ottoman Turkish: باقر (bakır), باقیر (bakır), بقر (bakır)
      - Turkish: bakır
      - → Albanian: bakër
      - → Armenian: պախըր (paxər), փախըր (pʻaxər)
      - → Aromanian: bãcãri
      - → Bulgarian: бакъ́р (bakǎ́r)
      - → Greek: μπακίρι (bakíri)
      - → Ladino: bakir
      - → Laz: ბაქირი (bakiri), ბაკირი (baǩiri); ბაკკირი (baǩǩiri); ბაქიი (bakii), ბაქიჲი (bakiyi)
      - → Macedonian: бакар (bakar)
      - → Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic script: ба̀кар
        Latin script: bàkar
        → Slovene: báker
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: بَقِرْ (baqır)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (baqır), [script needed] (paqır)
    - Chagatai: پاقر (paqır)
      - Uzbek: paqir
      - Uyghur: [script needed] (paqır)
Kipchak:
- Kipchak: بقر (baqır)
  - North Kipchak:
    - Bashkir: баҡыр (baqır)
    - Tatar: бакыр (baqır)
  - West Kipchak:
    - Crimean Tatar: baqır
    - Karachay-Balkar: багъыр (bağır)
    - Karaim: [script needed] (baɣır)
    - Kumyk: багъыр (bağır)
  - South Kipchak:
    - Caspian:
      - Kazakh: бақыр (baqyr)
      - Karakalpak: [script needed] (baqır)
      - Nogai: бакыр (bakır)
    - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      - Kyrgyz: бакыр (bakır)
      - ⇒ Southern Altai: бакрас (bakras)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: [script needed] (baqır)
  - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (baqır)
    - Western Yugur: [script needed] (paqır)
- North Siberian:
  - ⇒? Yakut: баҕарах (bağaraq, “pot for boiling milk”)
- South Siberian:
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Khakas: пағыр (pağır)

References

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*bakɨr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

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Minerals in Proto-Turkic
Stone	stone: *tiāĺ	Iron	iron: *temür	Silver	silver: *kümüĺ
Gold	gold: *altun	Strawberry	copper: *bakïr	Chalk	chalk or earth: *bōr
Coal	coal: *kömür	Salt	salt: *tūŕ	Lead	lead: *korguĺčïn