< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zъlъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *źulas, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwel- (“to lie, deceive, bend”).
Cognate with Ancient Greek φῆλος (phêlos, “deceitful”), Sanskrit ह्वृ (hvṛ, “to deviate, be crooked, be devious”), Avestan 𐬰𐬎𐬭𐬀𐬵 (zurah, “injustice”), Lithuanian žulas (“rough”), Latvian zveļu (“to turn aside”).
Declension
Indefinite declension of *zъlъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *zъlъ | *zъla | *zъlo |
| genitive | *zъla | *zъly | *zъla |
| dative | *zъlu | *zъlě | *zъlu |
| accusative | *zъlъ | *zъlǫ | *zъlo |
| instrumental | *zъlomь | *zъlojǫ | *zъlomь |
| locative | *zъlě | *zъlě | *zъlě |
| vocative | *zъle | *zъlo | *zъlo |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *zъla | *zъlě | *zъlě |
| genitive | *zъlu | *zъlu | *zъlu |
| dative | *zъloma | *zъlama | *zъloma |
| accusative | *zъla | *zъlě | *zъlě |
| instrumental | *zъloma | *zъlama | *zъloma |
| locative | *zъlu | *zъlu | *zъlu |
| vocative | *zъla | *zъlě | *zъlě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *zъli | *zъly | *zъla |
| genitive | *zъlъ | *zъlъ | *zъlъ |
| dative | *zъlomъ | *zъlamъ | *zъlomъ |
| accusative | *zъly | *zъly | *zъla |
| instrumental | *zъly | *zъlami | *zъly |
| locative | *zъlěxъ | *zъlaxъ | *zъlěxъ |
| vocative | *zъli | *zъly | *zъla |
Definite declension of *zъlъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *zъlъjь | *zъlaja | *zъloje |
| genitive | *zъlajego | *zъlyję̇ | *zъlajego |
| dative | *zъlujemu | *zъlěji | *zъlujemu |
| accusative | *zъlъjь | *zъlǫjǫ | *zъloje |
| instrumental | *zъlyjimь | *zъlǫjǫ | *zъlyjimь |
| locative | *zъlějemь | *zъlěji | *zъlějemь |
| vocative | *zъlъjь | *zъlaja | *zъloje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *zъlaja | *zъlěji | *zъlěji |
| genitive | *zъluju | *zъluju | *zъluju |
| dative | *zъlyjima | *zъlyjima | *zъlyjima |
| accusative | *zъlaja | *zъlěji | *zъlěji |
| instrumental | *zъlyjima | *zъlyjima | *zъlyjima |
| locative | *zъluju | *zъluju | *zъluju |
| vocative | *zъlaja | *zъlěji | *zъlěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *zъliji | *zъlyję̇ | *zъlaja |
| genitive | *zъlъjixъ | *zъlъjixъ | *zъlъjixъ |
| dative | *zъlyjimъ | *zъlyjimъ | *zъlyjimъ |
| accusative | *zъlyję̇ | *zъlyję̇ | *zъlaja |
| instrumental | *zъlyjimi | *zъlyjimi | *zъlyjimi |
| locative | *zъlyjixъ | *zъlyjixъ | *zъlyjixъ |
| vocative | *zъliji | *zъlyję̇ | *zъlaja |
Antonyms
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “злой”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Derksen, Rick (2008) “*zъlъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 551
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