Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvarь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *twōrˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *twōrH-, equivalent to *tvoriti +‎ *-ь. Cognate with Lithuanian tvorà (“fence”).

Noun

*tvȃrь f

creation, creature
(West Slavic) face

Declension

Declension of *tvȃrь (i-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tvȃrь	*tvȃri	*tvȃri
genitive	*tvarí	tvarьjù, tvařu^*	*tvarь̀jь
dative	*tvȃri	*tvarьmà	*tvȃrьmъ
accusative	*tvȃrь	*tvȃri	*tvȃri
instrumental	*tvarьjǫ́	*tvarьmà	*tvarьmì
locative	*tvarí	tvarьjù, tvařu^*	*tvȃrьxъ
vocative	*tvari	*tvȃri	*tvȃri

^* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

*tvoriti (“to make”)
*tvȏrъ (“creation, creature”)
*tvь̑rdъ (“firm, hard, solid”)
*tvьrdь (“citadel, firmament”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: тварь (tvarĭ)
  - Old Ruthenian: тваръ (tvar)
    - Belarusian: твар (tvar, “face”)
    - Ukrainian: твар (tvar, “face”)
  - Russian: тварь (tvarʹ)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Glagolitic script: ⱅⰲⰰⱃⱐ (tvarĭ)
  
  Old Cyrillic script: тварь (tvarĭ)
  - Bulgarian: твар (tvar) (literary)
  - Macedonian: твар (tvar) (dated)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: тва̑р
  
  Latin script: tvȃr
West Slavic:
- Kashubian: twôrz
- Old Czech: tvář
  - Czech: tvář
- Old Polish: twarz
  - Polish: twarz
  - Silesian: twŏrz
- Slovak: tvár (“face”)
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: twaŕ
  - Upper Sorbian: twaŕ