Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pró

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *per- (“before”).

Adverb

*pró[1]

toward, leading to

Derived terms

*préh₃-wr̥ ~ *pr̥h₃-wén-s
- *préh₃-wr̥-yh₂ ~ pr̥h₃-w(e)r-ih₂ (“forepart (of a ship)”)[2][3]
  - Proto-Hellenic: *prṓwařřa ~ *prṓweřřa[3]
    - Ancient Greek: πρῷρα (prôira) (see there for further descendants)
- *pr̥h₃-w-ṓ ~ * pr̥h₃-wōn-[4] (< *pr̥h₃-wón-s)[2]
  - Proto-Hellenic: *prṓwōn[4]
    - Ancient Greek: πρών (prṓn, “protruding rocks”)
*pr̥h₃-tó-s (“first”)[5]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρῶτος (prôtos) (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥h₃-wó-s (“first”)[2][3][6]
- Proto-Albanian: *paru
  - Albanian: parë
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀwas[6]
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьrvъ[6] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥Hwas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥Hwas
    - Sanskrit: पूर्व (pū́rva) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥Hwah
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬀 (paurva)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pärwe[2]
  - Tocharian A: pärwat
  - Tocharian B: parwe
*pr̥-mó-s (“first”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas
  - Latgalian: pyrmais, Latgalian: pyrma
  - Latvian: pìrmaĩs
  - Lithuanian: pirmas
  - Old Prussian: pirmas, pirmois
*pró-mo-s (“first, leading”)[1][7]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸromos (“early, soon”)
  - Old Irish:
    - Middle Irish: rom
- Proto-Germanic: *framaz (“forward; forthright”)[8]
  - Proto-West Germanic: *fram
    - Old English: fram (“bold, valiant; firm”)
    - Middle High German: fram (“forward”)
  - Old Norse: framr (“forward; prominent; superior”)
- Proto-Germanic: *fram (“forward, from, away”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *framjaną (“to perform, promote, further”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρόμος (prómos, “leader”)
- Proto-Italic: *promom[9]
  - Umbrian: promom, prumum, prumu (“firstly”)
*pro-k- (“in front”)[10]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρόκα (próka)
*pró-pro[11]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρόπρο (própro)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prápra
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prápra
    - Sanskrit: प्रप्र (prápra)
- Proto-Italic: *propro[11]
  - Oscan:
    - → Latin: prope (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *propsamos[11]
    - Latin: proximus
*pró-tero-s (“further”)[1][12][13]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρότερος (próteros)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátaram[13]
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratarám
    - Sanskrit: प्रतर (pratara)
  - Proto-Iranian: *frátaram
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (fratara)
    - Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎼 (f-r-t-r)
*pro-tm̥mós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰamás
    - Sanskrit: प्रथम (prathamá) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *fratamáh
    - Central Iranian:
      - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fratəma)
    - Northeastern Iranian:
      - Sogdian: [script needed] (prtmw)
    - Western Iranian:
      - Southwestern Iranian:
        Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎶𐎠 (fratama)
        Middle Persian: (/⁠fradom⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫡𐫤𐫇𐫖 (prtwm)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pltwm)
        Persian: فردم (fardom)
    - → Old Armenian: փարթամ (pʻartʻam)
      - Armenian: փարթամ (pʻartʻam)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *frawjô, *frawjǭ, *frawjaz[14] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πρόσω (prósō)
Proto-Italic: *prōwinkjā
- Latin: prōvincia (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Anatolian: *prṓ
- Hittite: 𒉺𒊏𒀀 (pa-ra-a /⁠prā⁠/)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra
- Old Prussian: pra, pro
- Proto-Slavic: *pro (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *ɸro (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *pró
- Ancient Greek: πρό (pró), πρωΐ (prōḯ) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prá
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prá
  - Sanskrit: प्र (prá)
- Proto-Iranian: *frá
  - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀- (fra-)
Proto-Italic: *prō (perhaps from *pro-h₁ (ins.sg.))[15]
- Latin: prō (see there for further descendants)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pro, prō”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 813-815
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “parwe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 383
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρῷρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1244-1245
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρών”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page pages1244
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρώτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1245
Derksen, Rick (2015) “pirmas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 357-358
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρόμος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1237
Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*framaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 111
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 489-490
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρόκα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1237
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prope”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 492-493
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρότερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1240
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “pratara-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*frauja(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 153
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 489-490

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[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pro, prō”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 813-815

[Adams-2] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “parwe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 383

[Beekes_πρώρα-3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρῷρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1244-1245

[Beekes_πρών-4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρών”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page pages1244

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρώτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1245

[Derksen-6] Derksen, Rick (2015) “pirmas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 357-358

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρόμος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1237

[8] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*framaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 111

[9] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 489-490

[10] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρόκα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1237

[DeVaan_prope-11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prope”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 492-493

[12] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρότερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1240

[IAIL-13] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “pratara-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[14] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*frauja(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 153

[15] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 489-490