< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*kʷer-[1][2]

  1. to do
  2. to make
  3. to build

Synonyms

  • *yeh₁- (to do, make; act vigorously)
  • *h₂er- (to prepare, make ready)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷer-‎ (48 c, 0 e)
  • *kʷér-t ~ *kʷr-ént (root aorist)[1][3]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒆪𒅕𒈪 (ku-er-mi, 1sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒍣 (ku-e-er-zi, to cut, to cut up, to cut off, 3sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒋫 (ku-e-er-ta, 3sg.pret.act.)
      • Luwian: [script needed] (kuwarti)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Old Prussian: kūra (he built)
    • Proto-Celtic: *kʷert (make, cause)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákart (see there for further descendants)
  • *kʷér-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷér-(h₁)s-onti ((h₁)se-desiderative)[1]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: [script needed] (ku-e-er-šu-un, 1sg.pret.act.), [script needed] (kur-ša-a-i, to cut off, 2sg.imp.act.)
  • *kʷér-kʷor- ~ *kʷér-kʷr̥- (secondary intensive)[1]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: [script needed] (kurkuriyat)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kárkr̥t
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kárkr̥t
        • Sanskrit: करिकृत् (kárikṛt)
  • *kʷe-kʷór-e (perfect)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakā́ra
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćakā́ra
  • *kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-onti (reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)[1]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *číkr̥Hšati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćíkr̥Hṣati
        • Sanskrit: चिकीर्षति (cíkīrṣati)
  • *kʷor-éye-ti ~ *kʷor-éy-onti (éye-causative)[1]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kāráyati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kāráyati
  • *kʷ-kʷr̥s-eti ~ *kʷ-kʷr̥s-onti[3]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: [script needed] (ku-kur-ša-an-t-), Hittite: [script needed] (ku-gur-ša-an-t-, to cut up, to mutilate, part.)
  • *kʷr̥-néw-ti ~ *kʷr̥-nw-énti (néw-present)[1]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)
  • *kʷr̥-sḱ-éti ~ *kʷr̥-sḱ-ónti (sḱe-present)[1]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: [script needed] (kuraski[zzi], 3sg.), [script needed] (kureskanzi, 3pl.)
  • *kʷér-mn̥ ~ *kʷr̥-méns
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kárma
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kárma
        • Sanskrit: कर्मन् (kárman, act, action) (see there for further descendants)
  • *kʷér-ōr
  • *kʷór-o-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ras
      • Proto-Iranian: *kā́rah
        • Middle Persian: [script needed] (kʾl /⁠kār⁠/, work, deed, affair)
          • Persian: کار (kâr, work)
  • *kʷér-tis ~ *kʷr̥-téy-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥tiš
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kŕ̥tiṣ
  • *kʷér-tu-s ~ *kʷr̥-téw-s
    • Proto-Celtic: *kʷritus
      • Old Irish: cruth (form), crud
      • Welsh: pryd (form, time), prydaf (compose poetry, versify)
  • *kʷr̥-tó-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tás (see there for further descendants)
  • *kʷr̥-yos
    • Proto-Celtic: *kʷaryos (cauldron) (see there for further descendants)
  • *kʷór-yo-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ryas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́ryas
      • Proto-Iranian: *karyah
        • Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (kairiia)
Unsorted formations
  • Proto-Albanian: *tšerkā
    • Albanian: sarkë (build, frame)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kēr-, *ker-[4]
    • Lithuanian: kẽras (charm, magic), kerė́ti (to enchant, charm, bewitch), kùrti (to do, make, build)
    • Proto-Slavic: *čarъ (magic, sorcery), *čara (magic, sorcery)[4] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *kʷritanī, *kʷritenī
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τέραος, τέρας (téraos, téras) (< *kʷer-n̥ts ~ *kʷer-n̥tos)? (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kar-
    • Proto-Iranian: *kar-
      • Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭫𐭩 (-kly /⁠-gar⁠/)
  • Proto-Tocharian:[5]

References

  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ker-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 391
  2. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 362
  3. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “kuer-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 486-487
  4. Derksen, Rick (2015) “kėrai”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 238
  5. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kerū”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 209
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