< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵʰer-[1][2]

  1. to yearn for

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰer- (yearn)‎ (15 c, 0 e)
  • *ǵʰr̥-yé-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰəřřō
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥yáti
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰr̥yáti
        • Sanskrit: हृयात् (hṛyāt)
    • Proto-Italic: *herjō[4] (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰr̥-t-ós
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰərtós
      • Ancient Greek: χαρτός (khartós)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥tás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰr̥tás
  • *ǵʰr̥-i-t-
  • *ǵʰēr-i-[5]
    • Proto-Armenian:
  • *ǵʰr̥-éh₂
    • Ancient Greek: χαρά (khará) (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰér-mn̥
  • *ǵʰr̥-meh₂
  • *ǵʰer-no-
    • Proto-Germanic: *gernaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Root

*ǵʰer-[6]

  1. to enclose

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰer- (enclose)‎ (6 c, 0 e)
  • *ǵʰór-tos (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰor-o-
    • >? Ancient Greek: χορός (khorós) (perhaps "encircling/ring dance")
  • *ǵʰor-yo-
    • >? Ancient Greek: χόριον (khórion) (perhaps "encircling membrane" or from root below)

See also

Root

*ǵʰer-[7][8]

  1. bowels, intestines

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰer- (bowels)‎ (17 c, 0 e)
  • *ǵʰerH-ni-eh₂[7]
    • Latin: hernia (“protruded viscus”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰor-neh₂[9][10][11][7] (with regular *-oRHC- > *-oRC-, the "Saussure effect")
    • Proto-Albanian: *dźārnā[12]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źárˀna
      • Lithuanian: žarnà (“intestine, hose”)
      • Latgalian: zorna (“intestine, hose”)
      • Latvian: zar̂na (“intestine, hose”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *garnō (“intestines”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Ancient Greek: χορδή (khordḗ, “gut, string”) (< *χορνή (*khornḗ)?) (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰr̥H-eh₂[9]
  • *ǵʰr̥H-os[9]
    • Sanskrit: हिर (híra, “band”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *ĵʰr̥H-oh
      • Pashto: ځير (źir, “thin string”)
      • Classical Persian: زیر (zīr, “string; cord; any tiny thing such as string”)
  • *ǵʰr̥H-u-[9][10][11]
    • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *haruspeks (“diviner”)
      • Faliscan: 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌗 (haraspex), 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌗 (haraspix)
      • Latin: haruspex (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Italic: *hario-
    • >? Latin: hīra (“intestine”) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *g̑ʰer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 176
  2. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 440
  3. Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “1. *g̑ʰer- → *gʰer-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎, page 25
  4. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  5. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 434
  6. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 442
  7. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*garnō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 169
  8. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 443
  9. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χορδή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1643-1644
  10. Derksen, Rick (2015) “žarna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 514
  11. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “haruspex, -icis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 280
  12. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “zorrë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 525-526
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