Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/baqəʀuh

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /baqəruh/

Adjective

*baqəʀuh

new (recently made or created)

Descendants

Northern Formosan
- Thao: faqlhu
- Western Plains
  - Babuza: bado
  - Papora: barú
East Formosan
- Ami
  - Amis: fa^loh-ay
  - Sakizaya: baluh-ay
- Sirayaic
  - Siraya: vaho
Tsouic: *vaʔə́ruɦu
- Tsou: faev-a
- Southern Tsouic
  - Kanakanabu: vo'ooru-a
  - Saaroa: varu'u
Rukaic: *baʔo-anə
- Budai Rukai: bav-ane
- Mantauran Rukai: vaoʔaə
Southern Formosan
- Bunun: bahlu
- Paiwan: vaqu-an
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *baqəʀu
- Proto-Philippine: *baqRu
  - Batanic
    - Yami: vayo
    - Ivatan: vayu
    - Ibatan: bayo
  - Northern Luzon
    - Arta: búru
    - Ilocano: baró
    - Cagayan Valley
      - Isnag: bagu
      - Ibanagic
        Ibanag: bagu
        Pamplona Atta: bagu
        Gaddangic
        Gaddang: bawu
        Itawit: bahú
        Yogad: bágu
        Central Cagayan Agta: bagu
    - Meso-Cordilleran
      - Central Cordilleran
        Isinai: beyu
        Kalinga–Itneg
        Limos Kalinga: bagú
        Lubuagan Kalinga: baru
        Madukayang Kalinga: baru
        Tanudan Kalinga: baru
        Nuclear Cordilleran
        Ifugao
        Batad Ifugao: balu
        Tuwali Ifugao: balu, bahu
        Bontok–Kankanay
        Bontok
        Central Bontoc: balú
        Eastern Bontoc: fiarú
        Kankanay
        Kankanaey: baló
        Northern Kankanay: balo
      - Southern Cordilleran
        Pangasinan: bálo
        Keley-I Kallahan: baluh
        Kayapa Kallahan: bâllo
        Karao: bado
    - Northeastern Luzon
      - Casiguran Dumagat Agta: bigu
      - Dupaningan Agta: bigu
      - Paranan: bigu
  - Central Luzon
    - Kapampangan: báyu
    - Remontado Agta: bá'yu
    - Sambalic
      - Sambali: ba-yo
      - Botolan Sambal: bayo
      - Bolinao: ba'yo
      - Mag-Indi Ayta: bayu
      - Abenlen Ayta: bayo
      - Mag-Anchi Ayta: bayo
  - Northern Mindoro
    - Iraya: bayó
    - Alangan: bayo
    - Tadyawan: bayukáy
  - Ati: bédoʔ
  - Manide–Alabat
    - Camarines Norte Agta: be-gí
  - Greater Central Philippine
    - Central Philippine
      - Tagalog: bágo
      - Bikol
        Bikol Central: bágo
        Buhi'non Bikol: ba'go
        Iriga Bicolano: bágo
      - Mansakan
        Mansaka: bagu
        Mamanwa: bag-o
        Kalagan
        Kalagan: bagu
        Kagan Kalagan: bago
        Tagakaulu Kalagan: bagu
      - Visayan
        Asi: bág-o
        Cebuano: bag-o
        Central
        Hiligaynon: bag-ú
        Masbatenyo: bág-o
        Waray-Waray: bag-o
        Romblomanon: bag'u
        West
        Aklanon: bag-ó
        Caluyanun: bág-o
        Inonhan: bágʔo
        Kinaray-a: bag-o
        Kuyan
        Cuyunon: bágo'
        Ratagnon: bago
        South
        Butuan–Tausug
        Butuanon: bag-o
        Tausug: ba'gu, bagu
        Surigao
        Surigaonon: bag-o
        Tandaganon: bagʔu
    - Manobo
      - Kagayanen: bag-o
      - Binukid: bag-u
      - Ilianen Manobo: behu
      - Agusan Manobo: 'bag-u
      - Western Bukidnon Manobo: beg̵u
    - Subanen
      - Central Subanen: begu
      - Western Subanon: bogu
    - South Mangyan
      - Buhid: bago
      - Hanunoo: bag-u
      - Western Tawbuid: bagu
    - Palawanic
      - Palawan Batak: baʔgó
      - Brooke's Point Palawano: bagu
      - Central Palawano: bagu
      - Aborlan Tagbanwa: ba'gu
      - Central Tagbanwa: bago
    - Danao
      - Maranao: bago, bego
      - Maguindanao: bagú
      - Iranun: bagu
    - Gorontalo–Mongondow
      - Gorontalic
        Gorontalo: bohu
        Buol: bogu
        Kaidipang: bogu
      - Mongondowic
        Mongondow: bagu
        Ponosakan: wahu
  - Kalamian
    - Agutaynen: ba-lo
    - Calamian Tagbanwa: baklu
  - Sangiric
    - North
      - Talaud: warru
      - Sangir: buhu
      - Sangil: βu'ru
    - South
      - Bantik: buhú
      - Ratahan: wuu
  - Minahasan
    - Tontemboan: weru
    - Tombulu: weru
    - Tonsea: weru
    - Tondano: weru, beru
- Basap–Barito
  - Sama–Bajaw
    - Inabaknon: bag'o
    - Yakan: ba'ahu, bahu
    - Sulu
      - Pangutaran Sama: bahu
      - Central Sama: baha'u
      - Southern Sama: bahau
    - Borneo Coast
      - Mapun: bahau
      - West Coast Bajau: bau, bahau
      - Indonesian Bajau: bau, babau, babao
  - Basap: baru
  - East Barito
    - Dusun Witu: wa'o
    - Ma'anyan: wa'u, ba'u
    - Malagasy: vao
  - West Barito
    - Ngaju: haru
- North Bornean
  - Northeast Sabahan
    - Ida'an: bagku
  - Southwest Sabahan
    - Dusunic
      - Central Dusun: wagu
      - Coastal Kadazan: vagu
      - Rungus: vagu
    - Murutic
      - Timugon Murut: bagu
      - Tagal Murut: bahu
      - Burusu: bagu
    - Paitanic
      - Tombonuo: wagu
      - Upper Kinabatangan: wagu
  - North Sarawakan
    - Bintulu: vaw
    - Dayic
      - Kelabit: beruh
      - Lun Bawang: beruh
  - Central Sarawakan
    - Melanau
      - Central Melanau: ba'ou
      - Balingian Melanau: bahou
    - Kajang
      - Sekapan: baʔəw
      - Kajaman: baʔəw
      - Lahanan: bau
- Land Dayak
  - Benyadu–Bekati'
    - Benyadu': bahu
    - Bekati': bahṵː
    - Sara: bau
  - Bidayuh
    - Bau Bidayuh: ba'uh
    - Biatah Bidayuh: bauh
    - Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: bauh
  - Southern Land Dayak
    - Ribun: baoh
    - Sanggau: baoh
- Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
  - Batak
    - Northern
      - Dairi Batak: rembaru, rimbaru
      - Karo Batak: baru
    - Southern
      - Angkola Batak: baru
      - Mandailing Batak: baru
      - Simalungun Batak: baru
      - Toba Batak: baru
  - Gayo: baru
  - Mentawai: bau
  - Nias: bohou
  - Simeulue: afalu
- Rejang: blau
- Lampungic
  - Lampung Api: bahyu
- Moklenic
  - Moken: keloy
  - Moklen: kləi
- Malayo-Sumbawan
  - Malayo-Chamic
    - Proto-Chamic: *bahrɔw
      - Acehnese: barô
      - Coastal Chamic
        Haroi: prɨ̆au
        Cham
        Eastern Cham: ꨝꨣꨭꨥ (baruw)
        Western Cham: bahau
      - Highlands Chamic
        Chru–Northern Chamic
        Chru: bərhəu
        Northern Chamic
        Northern Roglai: bahrơu
        Tsat: pʰiə¹¹
        Jarai–Rhade
        Jarai: phrâo
        Rade: mrâo
    - Proto-Malayic: *baharu
      - Ibanic
        Iban: baru
        Keninjal: baɣu
        Mualang: baɣu
        Seberuang: baɣow
      - Malayan
        Brunei Malay: baru
        Malay: baharu, baru
        Indonesian: baharu, baru
        Pattani Malay: بارو (baru)
        Minangkabau: baru
      - Urak Lawoi': บารู (baru)
  - Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
    - Balinese: ᬩᬯᬸ (bau)
    - Sasak: baru
    - Sumbawa: beru
  - Sundanese: bahayu
- Old Javanese: wāhu, wahu
  - > Javanese: ꦮꦲꦸ (wau) (inherited)
  - ⇒ Javanese: ꦮꦲꦺ (waé), ꦧꦲꦺ (baé), ꦲꦲꦺ (aé)
- South Sulawesi
  - Bugis–Tamanic
    - Buginese: baru
    - Embaloh: baru
  - Makassaric
    - Makasar: beru
  - Seko
    - Seko Padang: baru
  - Northern
    - Mandar: baru
    - Mamuju: bakaru, bakahu
    - Massenrempulu
      - Duri: baru
    - Toraja
      - Tae': ba'ru
      - Toraja-Sa'dan: ba'ru, bakaru
      - Mamasa: bakaru
    - Pitu Ulunna Salu
      - Aralle-Tabulahan: bakahu
      - Bambam: bakahu
- Celebic
  - Saluan–Banggai
    - Eastern
      - Banggai: boolu
      - Balantak: u'uru
    - Western
      - Saluan: buqou
  - Bungku–Tolaki
    - Eastern
      - Mori Bawah: wo'u, wo'ohu
    - Western
      - Interior
        Mori Atas: wo'u
        Padoe: woou, wo'u
      - West Coast
        Kodeoha: wuohu
        Tolaki: wo'ohu, wu'ohu
  - Kaili–Pamona
    - Northern
      - Da'a Kaili: bou
      - Pamona: wo'u
    - Southern
      - Uma: bo'u
      - Badaic
        Bada: wóꞌu
        Napu: wou
  - Muna–Buton
    - Buton
      - Cia-Cia: vukou
      - Kumbewaha: wukou
      - Lasalimu: wukou
    - Munic
      - Muna: bughou, bu'ou
      - Kioko: wu'ou
    - Tukangbesi–Bonerate
      - Bonerate: wo'ou
      - Tukang Besi South: ɸoʔou
  - Tomini–Tolitoli
    - Tajio: vou
    - Tomini: bou
    - Totoli: bobou
  - Wotu–Wolio
    - Wotu: warru
    - Wolio: baau
    - Laiyolo: bau
      - → Selayar: bau
- Chamorro: på'go
- Palauan: beches
- Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
  - Central Malayo-Polynesian
    - Bima: bou
    - Sumba–Flores
      - Laboya: beru, ber
      - Manggarai: weru
      - Rembong: waru
    - Flores–Lembata
      - Adonara: wu'u
    - Kei–Tanimbar
      - Fordata: veru
      - Arguni: popʷaro
    - Central Maluku
      - East Central Maluku
        Banda–Geser
        Geser-Gorom: wouwou
        Nunusaku
        Asilulu: helu
        Laha (Indonesia): heru
      - West Central Maluku
        Buru (Indonesia): fehu
        Taliabu: fohu
    - Timoric
      - Galoli: heyu
      - Helong: balu
      - Kisar: worworu
      - Leti (Indonesia): waru
      - Tetum: foun
  - Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
    - South Halmahera–West New Guinea
      - Mor (Austronesian): behaʔú
      - Waropen: boa, woa
      - Cenderawasih Bay
        Biakic
        Biak: babo
        Dusner: vavou
        Yapen
        East
        Kurudu: woru
        Central–West
        Ambai: vevoru, waworu
        Ansus: veworu, vevoru, waworu
        Munggui: baboru
        Pom: vaworu
        Serui-Laut: vavoru
        Wandamen: vavoru, baboru
        Woi: vevoru
      - Halmahera Sea
        Ma'ya–Matbat:
        Matbat: wa³w
        South
        Buli (Indonesia): po
        Gane: pou
        East Makian: powo
    - Proto-Oceanic: *paqoʀu
      - Admiralty Islands
        Western
        Seimat: haun
        Eastern
        Manus
        West Manus
        Nyindrou: haʔun
        Sori-Harengan: mabaːu
        Intermediate
        Loniu: mahun
        Mokerang: mahun
        Pak-Tong: baːhun
        East Manus
        Andra-Hus: ahun
        Gele': mabawin
        Leipon: mahun
        Ponam: fon
        Titan: maun
        Southeast
        Baluan-Pam: boun
        Lou: papaeun
        Nauna: ohun
      - St. Matthias Islands
        Mussau-Emira: ouna
      - Western Oceanic
        Meso-Melanesian
        Bali–Vitu
        Uneapa: vaghoru
        Muduapa: vaǥoru
        Northwest Solomonic
        Mono–Uruavan
        Alu: haoluna
        Torau: auru
        Uruava: vaoru
        Piva–Bannoni
        Lawunuia: evaunu
        Ysabel
        Cheke Holo: valu
        Gao: valu
        Kokota: foforu
        North New Guinea
        Huon Gulf
        Numbami: wou
        Ngero–Vitiaz
        Bel
        West Bel
        Takia: fou
        Gedaged: faun
        Matukar: haun
        East Bel
        Biliau: fou
        Wab: fau
        Ngero
        Bariai
        Bariai: pau
        Kove: pau
        Malalamai: pou
        Tuam
        Gitua: pagu
        Mutu: pagu
        Sarmi–Jayapura
        Sobei: fefou
        Schouten
        Manam: wawau
        Papuan Tip
        Nuclear Papuan Tip
        Bwaidoga
        Bwaidoka: vagu
        Iduna: ivaguna
        Iamalele: ivauna
        Koluwawa: kaivauna
        Dobu–Duau
        Sewa Bay: auwauna
        Dobu: auwauna
        Molima: vauvauna
        Suauic
        Auhelawa: vauvau
        Oya'oya: faufau
        Saliba (New Guinea): hauhau
        Are–Taupota
        Are
        Mukawa: wauna
        Taupota
        Tawala: wouna
        Wedau: vouna
        Gumawana: vau
        Kilivila–Misima
        Kilivila: vau
        Misima-Paneati: vavaluna
        Muyuw: kwéivaw
      - Central-Eastern Oceanic
        Micronesian
        Chuukic–Pohnpeic
        Chuukic: *faú
        Carolinian: ffé
        Chuukese: fé
        Mortlockese: sééfé
        Puluwat: hééfé
        Satawalese: fféé
        Sonsorolese: taifaú
        Tobian: taiföü
        Woleaian: fféé, ffeo
        Southeast Solomonic
        Gela–Guadalcanal
        Gelic
        Gela: vaolu
        Lengo: vaolu
        Guadalcanal
        Birao: vaolu
        Ghari: vaolu
        Malango: vaolu
        Talise: vaoluna
        Longgu–Malaita–Makira
        Longgu: vaolu
        Malaita–Makira
        Sa'a: haolu
        Makira
        Arosi: haoru
        Bauro: haoru
        Fagani: haoru
        Malaita
        Central–North Malaita
        Kwaio: hoolu
        Kwara'ae: faulu
        Lau: fālu
        To'abaita: fālu, faalu
        Southern Malaita
        'Are'are: haoru
        Oroha: haoru
        Central Pacific
        Western Central Pacific
        Western Fijian: vou
        Eastern Central Pacific
        Fijian: vou
        Proto-Polynesian: *foqou
        Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
        Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
        Marquesic:
        Hawaiian: hou
        Mangarevan: ʻou
        North Marquesan: hou
        South Marquesan: hou
        Rapa Nui: ho'ou
        Tahitic:
        Cook Islands Maori:
        Mangaian: ‘ou
        Rakahanga-Manihiki: fōu, hou
        Rarotongan: ‘ōu
        Tongarevan: hōu
        French Polynesia:
        Rapa: ‘ou
        Tahitian: hou
        Tuamotuan: hōu
        New Zealand Maori-Moriori:
        Maori: hōu
        Moriori: hou
        Western Polynesian:
        Ellicean—Outlier:
        Kapingamarangi: hou, hoou
        Nuguria: hoou, fou
        Nukumanu: hoou
        Nukuoro: hoou
        Pileni: hou
        Sikaiana: hou
        Takuu: fou, hoou
        Tuvaluan: foou
        Futunic:
        Anuta: pou
        East Futuna: fo'ou
        Emae: fou
        Futuna-Aniwa: fou, fau (Aniwa)
        Mele-Fila: foou
        Pukapukan: wōu
        Tikopia: fou
        West Uvean: foou
        Samoic:
        Samoan: fou
        Tokelauan: fou
        Tongic:
        Niuafo'ou: foʻou
        Niuean: foou
        Tongan: foʻou
        Southern Oceanic
        Central Vanuatu
        Eton (Vanuatu): fau
        Lelepa: fau
        North Efate: vau
        South Vanuatu
        Sie: itvau
        Ura (Vanuatu): arvau

References

Blust, Robert & Stephen Trussell, Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *baqeRuh.
2017, Aboriginal Language Online Dictionary (原住民族語言線上詞典) (in Mandarin Chinese), Taiwan: Council of Indigenous Peoples.

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