跫然

Chinese

		sound of trampling	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (跫然)		跫	然
simp. ^#(跫然)		跫	然

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qióngrán

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄥˊ ㄖㄢˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qióngrán
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄥˊ ㄖㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cyóngrán
  - Wade–Giles: chʻiung²-jan²
  - Yale: chyúng-rán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyongran
  - Palladius: цюнжань (cjunžanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵ ʐän³⁵/

Middle Chinese: khaewng nyen

Rime
Character	跫	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	江 (9)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	III
Fanqie	苦江切	如延切
Baxter	khaewng	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰˠʌŋ/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰᵚɔŋ/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɔŋ/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰaɨwŋ/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/kʰɔŋ/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/kʰɔŋ/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰɔŋ/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiāng	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hong¹	jin⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kʰroːŋ|kʰoŋ|ɡoŋ njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	然
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*[n]a[n]/
English	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	跫	跫	跫	然
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3	1/1
No.	4011	4070	4077	10756
Phonetic component	工	工	工	肰
Rime group	東	東	東	元
Rime subdivision	0	0	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	腔	銎	蛩	然
Old Chinese	/*kʰroːŋ/	/*kʰoŋ/	/*ɡoŋ/	/*njen/
Notes	見莊子

Adjective

跫然

(onomatopoeia, literary) plunk, thunk; with the sound of footsteps
- 聞人足音跫然而喜矣，而況乎兄弟親戚之謦欬其側者乎！ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  闻人足音跫然而喜矣，而况乎兄弟亲戚之謦欬其侧者乎！ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE
  Wén rén zú yīn qióngrán ér xǐ yǐ, ér kuàng hū xiōngdì qīnqī zhī qǐngkài qí cè zhě hū! [Pinyin]
  They hear the sound of people's footsteps thunking and become happy; how much happier would they be if their siblings and relatives were chatting by their side!
- 將及二更，月色微吐，光照屋梁，漸聞廊下有跫然之音，自遠而近。至則崔氏也。生雖知已死，愛之甚篤，不復疑訝。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]
  From: late 1400s, 金時習 (Kim Si-seup), 《李生窺牆傳》, 《金鰲新話》
  Jang geup igyeong, wolsaek mi to, gwang jo ok ryang, jeom mun nang ha yu gong'yeon ji eum, ja won i geun. Ji jeuk Choe ssi ya. Saeng su ji i sa, ae ji sim dok, bul bu ui'a. [Sino-Korean]
  Upon the second watch [9—11 p.m.], the moon was coming out faintly and its light was shining on the roof. He heard a thunking sound in the hallway, gradually coming nearer. When it reached him, it was Lady Choi. The young scholar knew that she was already dead. But his love was so profound that he did not even once doubt that it was her.

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