論語

See also: 论语

Chinese

		to talk (about); to discuss; theory to talk (about); to discuss; theory; by the; per; the Analects (of Confucius)	speech; language; dialect speech; language; dialect; tell to
trad. (論語)		論	語
simp. (论语)		论	语

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Lúnyǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄩˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): leon⁴ jyu⁵, leon⁶ jyu⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Lùn-ngî
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Lûn-gír / Lūn-gú / Lûn-gú / Lūn-gí

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Lúnyǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄩˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Lúnyǔ
  - Wade–Giles: Lun²-yü³
  - Yale: Lwún-yǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Luenyeu
  - Palladius: Луньюй (Lunʹjuj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu̯ən³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: leon⁴ jyu⁵, leon⁶ jyu⁵
  - Yale: lèuhn yúh, leuhn yúh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: loen⁴ jy⁵, loen⁶ jy⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: lên⁴ yu⁵, lên⁶ yu⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɵn²¹ jyː¹³/, /lɵn²² jyː¹³/

Note: leon6 jyu5 - variant.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Lùn-ngî
  - Hakka Romanization System: lunˇ ngi´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lun² ngi¹
  - Sinological IPA: /lun¹¹ ŋi²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lûn-gír
  - Tâi-lô: Lûn-gír
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lun²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Taipei)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lūn-gú
  - Tâi-lô: Lūn-gú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: luxn'guo
  - IPA (Taipei): /lun³³⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lûn-gú
  - Tâi-lô: Lûn-gú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lun'guo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lun²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lūn-gí
  - Tâi-lô: Lūn-gí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: luxn'gie
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /lun²²⁻²¹ ɡi⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /lun³³⁻²¹ ɡi⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: lwin ngjoX

Rime
Character	論	語
Reading #	1/3	1/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	諄 (47)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	力迍切	魚巨切
Baxter	lwin	ngjoX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liuɪn/	/ŋɨʌ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/lʷin/	/ŋiɔ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ljuen/	/ŋiɔ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lwin/	/ŋɨə̆^X/
Li Rong	/liuĕn/	/ŋiɔ^X/
Wang Li	/lĭuĕn/	/ŋĭo^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯uĕn/	/ŋi̯wo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lún	yǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	leon⁴	jyu⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]u[n] ŋ(r)aʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*run ŋaʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	論	語
Reading #	1/3	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lún	yǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ lwin ›	‹ ngjo^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]u[n]/	/*ŋ(r)aʔ/
English	(in name of Lúnyǔ 論語)	speak
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	論	語
Reading #	3/3	1/2
No.	8667	13159
Phonetic component	侖	五
Rime group	文	魚
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	淪	語
Old Chinese	/*run/	/*ŋaʔ/

Proper noun

論語

Lunyu, the Analects of Confucius (one of the Four Books (四書／四书 (Sìshū)) of Confucianism)
- 半部論語治天下 [MSC, trad.]
  半部论语治天下 [MSC, simp.]
  From: attributed to 趙普 Zhao Pu, based on a line in 高文秀 Gao Wenxiu's play《好酒趙元遇上皇》 Tippler Zhao Yuan Encounters the Prior Emperor
  bàn bù Lúnyǔ zhì tiānxià [Pinyin]
  With a knowledge of only half of the Analects I can govern all under heaven.
- 每決大事，啟文觀書，乃《論語》也，此時稱小官以半部《論語》治一天下。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
  每决大事，启文观书，乃《论语》也，此时称小官以半部《论语》治一天下。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
  From: 高文秀 Gao Wenxiu, 《好酒趙元遇上皇》 Tippler Zhao Yuan Encounters the Prior Emperor, [Yuan dynasty]
  Měi jué dàshì, qǐwén guānshū, nǎi “lùnyǔ” yě, cǐshí chēng xiǎoguān yǐ bàn bù “lùnyǔ” zhì yī tiānxià. [Pinyin]
  Each time I decide on some important affair, I open up a piece of writing — the Analects. Now it is said of me that “I order the empire with half of the Analects.”

Japanese

Kanji in this term
論	語
ろん Grade: 6	ご Grade: 2
on’yomi	goon

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ろんご [ròńgó] (Heiban – [0])[1]
(Tokyo) ろんご [róꜜǹgò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [ɾõ̞ŋɡo̞]

Proper noun

論(ろん)語(ご) • (Rongo)

Lunyu, the Analects of Confucius (one of the Four Books (四書) of Confucianism)

References

Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
論	語

Proper noun

論語 • (Noneo) (hangeul 논어)

Hanja form^? of 논어 (“Lunyu, the Analects of Confucius (one of the Four Books (四書) of Confucianism)”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
論	語

Proper noun

論語

chữ Hán form of Luận Ngữ (“Lunyu, the Analects of Confucius (one of the Four Books (四書) of Confucianism)”).

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