羯磨

Chinese
phonetic
trad. (羯磨) 羯 磨
simp. #(羯磨) 羯 磨

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, literally “act, action”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 羯 磨
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 月 (67) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division (等) III I
Fanqie 居謁切 莫婆切
Baxter kjot ma
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kɨɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kiɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kiɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kɨat̚/ /mwa/
Li
Rong		 /kiɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Wang
Li		 /kĭɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kɨ̯ɐt̚/ /muɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jie mó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 git3 mo4

Noun

羯磨

  1. (archaic) karma

Synonyms

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (羯磨):
  • → Japanese: 羯磨(かつま) (katsuma)
  • → Vietnamese: Yết-ma (羯磨)

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
羯 磨
かつ
Hyōgaiji		 ま
Grade: S
on’yomi

*/kɨatɨ mʷa/ → /katuma/ → /kat͡suma/

From Middle Chinese 羯磨 (MC kjot ma), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, literally “act, action”).

This pronunciation is prevalent in many Japanese schools of Buddhism, Tendai and Jōdo-shū to name a few.[1]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) か​つま [káꜜtsùmà] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ka̠t͡sɨᵝma̠]

Noun

羯(かつ)磨(ま) • (katsuma) 

  1. (Buddhism) karma:
    1. a person's actions, deeds, works, etc.
      Synonyms: 行為 (kōi), 業 (gō), 所作 (shosa)
    2. confessions and/or vows to follow Buddhist precepts (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    3. Short for 羯磨金剛 (katsuma kongō): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Derived terms
  • 羯(かつ)磨(ま)金剛(こんごう) (katsuma kongō)
  • 羯(かつ)磨(ま)曼荼羅(まんだら) (katsuma mandara)
  • 毘首(びしゅ)羯(かつ)磨(ま) (Bishukatsuma)

Proper noun

羯(かつ)磨(ま) • (Katsuma) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
羯 磨
Hyōgaiji ま
Grade: S
irregular kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

羯磨(こんま) • (konma) 

  1. (Shingon Buddhism) karma: same as 羯磨(かつま) (katsuma) above

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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