災難

See also: 灾难

Chinese

		disaster; calamity	disaster; distress; to scold disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good
trad. (災難)		災	難
simp. (灾难)		灾	难

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zāinàn

(Zhuyin): ㄗㄞㄋㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zoi¹ naan⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): châi-nan
Jin (Wiktionary): zai¹ nan³
Northern Min (KCR): cuói-nūing
Eastern Min (BUC): căi-nâng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chai-lān

(Teochew, Peng'im): zai¹ lang⁷

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zāinàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄗㄞㄋㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: zainàn
  - Wade–Giles: tsai¹-nan⁴
  - Yale: dzāi-nàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzainann
  - Palladius: цзайнань (czajnanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saɪ̯⁵⁵ nän⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zoi¹ naan⁶
  - Yale: jōi naahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzoi¹ naan⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: zoi¹ nan⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɔːi̯⁵⁵ naːn²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: châi-nan
  - Hakka Romanization System: zai´ nan
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zai¹ nan⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ nan⁵⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zai¹ nan³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sai¹¹ næ̃⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cuói-nūing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suɛ⁵⁴ nuiŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: căi-nâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sai⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡɑŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chai-lān
  - Tâi-lô: tsai-lān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zailan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² lan²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sai³³ lan⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² lan²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻³³ lan³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻³³ lan³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zai¹ lang⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsai lāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sai³³⁻²³ laŋ¹¹/

Middle Chinese: tsoj nanH

Rime
Character	災	難
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	祖才切	奴案切
Baxter	tsoj	nanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʌi/	/nɑn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡səi/	/nɑn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sɒi/	/nɑn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡səj/	/nan^H/
Li Rong	/t͡sᴀi/	/nɑn^H/
Wang Li	/t͡sɒi/	/nɑn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sɑ̆i/	/nɑn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zāi	nàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zoi¹	naan⁶

Noun

災難

disaster; calamity; catastrophe (Classifier: 場／场; 次)
- 災難延於宗子，權柄隆於朝廷。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  灾难延于宗子，权柄隆于朝廷。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: 648 CE, Fang Xuanling (lead editor), Book of Jin
  Zāinàn yán yú zōngzǐ, quánbǐng lóng yú cháotíng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
劫煞 (Hokkien)
劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
厄 (literary, or in compounds)
大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
天災／天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)
慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
沙𧐔 (Teochew)
浩劫 (hàojié)
災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
災害／灾害 (zāihài)
災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
禍息／祸息 (ho⁵ si⁶) (Xiang)
禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)

Derived terms

月亮有災難／月亮有灾难
災難性／灾难性 (zāinànxìng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (災難):

→ Japanese: 災難(さいなん) (sainan)
→ Korean: 재난(災難) (jaenan)
→ Vietnamese: tai nạn (災難)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
災	難
さい Grade: 5	なん Grade: 6
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
災難 (kyūjitai)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) さいなん [sàínáꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])[1]
IPA^(key): [sa̠inã̠ɴ]

Noun

災(さい)難(なん) • (sainan)

disaster
災難(さいなん)に遭(あ)う
sainan ni au
to meet with disaster

災難(さいなん)を免(まぬか)れる
sainan o manukareru
to escape disaster
- 2015 September 14, Kaori Shoji, “When disaster strikes in Japan, keep calm and carry a diaper”, in The Japan Times‎, retrieved 2023-04-11:
  On a smaller scale, there’s the roster of small catastrophes called sainan (災難); these include everything from mushisasare (虫さされ, mosquito bites) and hage (ハゲ, losing your hair) to wakare (別れ, break-ups), rikon (離婚, divorce) and other relationship troubles.

References

Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
災	難

Noun

災難 • (jaenan) (hangeul 재난)

Hanja form^? of 재난 (“disaster”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
災	難

Noun

災難

chữ Hán form of tai nạn (“accident”).

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[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN