以故

Chinese
 
to use; according to; so as to
to use; according to; so as to; in order to; by; with; because; Israel (abbrev.)
 
happening; instance; reason
happening; instance; reason; cause; deceased; old
trad. (以故) 以 故
simp. #(以故) 以 故
alternative forms 已故

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 以 故
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 以 (36) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 之 (19) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III I
Fanqie 羊己切 古暮切
Baxter yiX kuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /jɨX/ /kuoH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /jɨX/ /kuoH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ieX/ /koH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /jɨX/ /kɔH/
Li
Rong		 /iəX/ /koH/
Wang
Li		 /jĭəX/ /kuH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /iX/ /kuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yǐ gù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 ji5 gu3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 以 故
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 yǐ gù
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ yiX › ‹ kuH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*ləʔ/ /*kˁa(ʔ)-s/
English take, use fact; reason

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 以 故
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 14929 4228
Phonetic
component		 以 古
Rime
group		 之 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 以 顧
Old
Chinese		 /*lɯʔ/ /*kaːs/

Conjunction

以故

  1. (Classical) because of this

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 所以 (“so; therefore”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 是以, 是故, 故, 以, 以是, 以故
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 所以, 因此, 因而, 故, 故此, 故而
Mandarin Taiwan 所以
Guilin 所以
Yangzhou 所以
Singapore 所以
Cantonese Guangzhou 所以, 故此
Hong Kong 所以
Singapore (Guangfu) 所以
Gan Nanchang 故是
Hakka Meixian 所以, 故此
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 故所, 所以
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 故所, 所以, 故所以
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 所以
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 所以
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 所以, 故所
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 所以
Huizhou Jixi 所以上
Northern Min Jian'ou 故此
Eastern Min Fuzhou 故此
Southern Min Xiamen 所以
Quanzhou 所以
Zhangzhou 所以
Tainan 所以
Penang (Hokkien) 所以
Singapore (Hokkien) 所以
Manila (Hokkien) 所以
Wenchang 所以
Wu Shanghai 所以, 咾, 葛咾, 因此, 故所以 dated, 故而 dated, 所以緣故 dated, 為此緣故 dated, 因此緣故 dated
Shanghai (Chongming) 故所以
Xiang Loudi 故所以
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