जल

Bhojpuri

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jala)

Noun

जल (jal) m (Kaithi 𑂔𑂪)

  1. water

Hindi

Pronunciation
  • (Delhi Hindi) IPA(key): /d͡ʒəl/, [d͡ʒɐl]
  • Rhymes: -əl

Etymology 1

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀚𑀮 (jala), from जल (jalá).

Noun

जल • (jal) m (Urdu spelling جل)

  1. water
    Synonyms: आब (āb), पानी (pānī)
Declension
Declension of जल (masc cons-stem)
singular plural
direct जल
jal		 जल
jal
oblique जल
jal		 जलों
jalõ
vocative जल
jal		 जलो
jalo

Verb

जल • (jal)

  1. inflection of जलना (jalnā):
    1. stem
    2. second-person singular intimate present imperative

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jala). Doublet of जळ (jaḷ).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /d͡ʑəl/

Noun

जल • (jal) n

  1. (Chemistry) water
    Synonyms: पाणी (pāṇī), उदक (udak), तोय (toy), नीर (nīr)

Declension
Declension of जल (neut cons-stem)
direct
singular		 जल
jal
direct
plural		 जले, जलं
jale, jala
singular
एकवचन		 plural
अनेकवचन
nominative
प्रथमा		 जल
jal		 जले, जलं
jale, jala
oblique
सामान्यरूप		 जला
jalā		 जलां-
jalān-
acc. / dative
द्वितीया / चतुर्थी		 जलाला
jalālā		 जलांना
jalānnā
ergative जलाने, जलानं
jalāne, jalāna		 जलांनी
jalānnī
instrumental जलाशी
jalāśī		 जलांशी
jalānśī
locative
सप्तमी		 जलात
jalāt		 जलांत
jalāt
vocative
संबोधन		 जला
jalā		 जलांनो
jalānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions.
There is no space between the stem and the postposition.
Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.
Genitive declension of जल (neut cons-stem)
masculine object
पुल्लिंगी कर्म		 feminine object
स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		 neuter object
नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		 oblique
सामान्यरूप
singular
एकवचन		 plural
अनेकवचन		 singular
एकवचन		 plural
अनेकवचन		 singular*
एकवचन		 plural
अनेकवचन
singular subject
एकवचनी कर्ता		 जलाचा
jalāċā		 जलाचे
jalāċe		 जलाची
jalācī		 जलाच्या
jalācā		 जलाचे, जलाचं
jalāċe, jalāċa		 जलाची
jalācī		 जलाच्या
jalācā
plural subject
अनेकवचनी कर्ता		 जलांचा
jalānċā		 जलांचे
jalānċe		 जलांची
jalāñcī		 जलांच्या
jalāncā		 जलांचे, जलांचं
jalānċe, jalānċa		 जलांची
jalāñcī		 जलांच्या
jalāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a).
Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

References
  • Berntsen, Maxine, “जल”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.

Nepali

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jalá).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [d͡zʌl]
  • Phonetic Devanagari: जल्

Noun

जल • (jal)

  1. water
    Synonym: पानी (pānī)

Pali

Alternative forms
Alternative forms
  • jala (Latin script)
  • 𑀚𑀮 (Brahmi script)
  • জল (Bengali script)
  • ජල (Sinhalese script)
  • ဇလ or ၹလ (Burmese script)
  • ชล or ชะละ (Thai script)
  • ᨩᩃ (Tai Tham script)
  • ຊລ or ຊະລະ (Lao script)
  • ជល (Khmer script)
  • 𑄎𑄣 (Chakma script)

Noun

जल n

  1. Devanagari script form of jala (“water”)

Declension
Declension table of "जल" (neuter)
Case \ NumberSingularPlural
Nominative (first)जलं (jalaṃ)जलानि (jalāni)
Accusative (second)जलं (jalaṃ)जलानि (jalāni)
Instrumental (third)जलेन (jalena)जलेहि (jalehi) or जलेभि (jalebhi)
Dative (fourth)जलस्स (jalassa) or जलाय (jalāya) or जलत्थं (jalatthaṃ)जलानं (jalānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)जलस्मा (jalasmā) or जलम्हा (jalamhā) or जला (jalā)जलेहि (jalehi) or जलेभि (jalebhi)
Genitive (sixth)जलस्स (jalassa)जलानं (jalānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)जलस्मिं (jalasmiṃ) or जलम्हि (jalamhi) or जले (jale)जलेसु (jalesu)
Vocative (calling)जल (jala)जलानि (jalāni)

Sanskrit

Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
  • জল (Assamese script)
  • ᬚᬮ (Balinese script)
  • জল (Bengali script)
  • 𑰕𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
  • 𑀚𑀮 (Brahmi script)
  • ဇလ (Burmese script)
  • જલ (Gujarati script)
  • ਜਲ (Gurmukhi script)
  • 𑌜𑌲 (Grantha script)
  • ꦗꦭ (Javanese script)
  • 𑂔𑂪 (Kaithi script)
  • ಜಲ (Kannada script)
  • ជល (Khmer script)
  • ຊລ (Lao script)
  • ജല (Malayalam script)
  • ᡯᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
  • 𑘕𑘩 (Modi script)
  • ᠽᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
  • 𑦵𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
  • 𑐖𑐮 (Newa script)
  • ଜଲ (Odia script)
  • ꢙꢭ (Saurashtra script)
  • 𑆘𑆬 (Sharada script)
  • 𑖕𑖩 (Siddham script)
  • ජල (Sinhalese script)
  • 𑩣𑩽 (Soyombo script)
  • 𑚑𑚥 (Takri script)
  • ஜல (Tamil script)
  • జల (Telugu script)
  • ชล (Thai script)
  • ཛ་ལ (Tibetan script)
  • 𑒖𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
  • 𑨥𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

From जल् (jal, “to be sharp; to be stiff or dull”).

Pronunciation

Adjective

जल • (jalá) stem

  1. stupid, unintelligent, dumb
Declension
Masculine a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative जलः
jaláḥ		 जलौ / जला¹
jalaú / jalā́¹		 जलाः / जलासः¹
jalā́ḥ / jalā́saḥ¹
Vocative जल
jála		 जलौ / जला¹
jálau / jálā¹		 जलाः / जलासः¹
jálāḥ / jálāsaḥ¹
Accusative जलम्
jalám		 जलौ / जला¹
jalaú / jalā́¹		 जलान्
jalā́n
Instrumental जलेन
jaléna		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलैः / जलेभिः¹
jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative जलाय
jalā́ya		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Ablative जलात्
jalā́t		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Genitive जलस्य
jalásya		 जलयोः
jaláyoḥ		 जलानाम्
jalā́nām
Locative जले
jalé		 जलयोः
jaláyoḥ		 जलेषु
jaléṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
Feminine ā-stem declension of जला (jalā́)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative जला
jalā́		 जले
jalé		 जलाः
jalā́ḥ
Vocative जले
jále		 जले
jále		 जलाः
jálāḥ
Accusative जलाम्
jalā́m		 जले
jalé		 जलाः
jalā́ḥ
Instrumental जलया / जला¹
jaláyā / jalā́¹		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलाभिः
jalā́bhiḥ
Dative जलायै
jalā́yai		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलाभ्यः
jalā́bhyaḥ
Ablative जलायाः / जलायै²
jalā́yāḥ / jalā́yai²		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलाभ्यः
jalā́bhyaḥ
Genitive जलायाः / जलायै²
jalā́yāḥ / jalā́yai²		 जलयोः
jaláyoḥ		 जलानाम्
jalā́nām
Locative जलायाम्
jalā́yām		 जलयोः
jaláyoḥ		 जलासु
jalā́su
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
  • ²Brāhmaṇas
Neuter a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative जलम्
jalám		 जले
jalé		 जलानि / जला¹
jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Vocative जल
jála		 जले
jále		 जलानि / जला¹
jálāni / jálā¹
Accusative जलम्
jalám		 जले
jalé		 जलानि / जला¹
jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Instrumental जलेन
jaléna		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलैः / जलेभिः¹
jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative जलाय
jalā́ya		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Ablative जलात्
jalā́t		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Genitive जलस्य
jalásya		 जलयोः
jaláyoḥ		 जलानाम्
jalā́nām
Locative जले
jalé		 जलयोः
jaláyoḥ		 जलेषु
jaléṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Noun

जल • (jalá) stem, m

  1. a stupid man, idiot
Declension
Masculine a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative जलः
jaláḥ		 जलौ / जला¹
jalaú / jalā́¹		 जलाः / जलासः¹
jalā́ḥ / jalā́saḥ¹
Vocative जल
jála		 जलौ / जला¹
jálau / jálā¹		 जलाः / जलासः¹
jálāḥ / jálāsaḥ¹
Accusative जलम्
jalám		 जलौ / जला¹
jalaú / jalā́¹		 जलान्
jalā́n
Instrumental जलेन
jaléna		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलैः / जलेभिः¹
jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative जलाय
jalā́ya		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Ablative जलात्
jalā́t		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Genitive जलस्य
jalásya		 जलयोः
jaláyoḥ		 जलानाम्
jalā́nām
Locative जले
jalé		 जलयोः
jaláyoḥ		 जलेषु
jaléṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Etymology 2

Of unclear origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelHo-, from *gʷel- (“to dribble; gush forth; spring; squirt; throw”), and thus cognate with गल् (gal, “to drip”) and German quellen (“(of water) to well, issue forth”). A local substrate origin is possible, though highly unlikely due to the word being attested in Vedic texts. Related to Vedic Sanskrit जलाष (jalāṣa), of uncertain meaning; not related to Latin gelū (“frost”).

Noun

जल • (jalá) stem, n

  1. water
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:जल
Declension
Neuter a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative जलम्
jalám		 जले
jalé		 जलानि / जला¹
jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Vocative जल
jála		 जले
jále		 जलानि / जला¹
jálāni / jálā¹
Accusative जलम्
jalám		 जले
jalé		 जलानि / जला¹
jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Instrumental जलेन
jaléna		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलैः / जलेभिः¹
jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative जलाय
jalā́ya		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Ablative जलात्
jalā́t		 जलाभ्याम्
jalā́bhyām		 जलेभ्यः
jalébhyaḥ
Genitive जलस्य
jalásya		 जलयोः
jaláyoḥ		 जलानाम्
jalā́nām
Locative जले
jalé		 जलयोः
jaláyoḥ		 जलेषु
jaléṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
Synonyms
Descendants
  • Prakrit: 𑀚𑀮 (jala)
    • Assamese: জল (zol)
    • Bengali: জল (jol)
    • Dardic:
      • Kashmiri: زَل (zal, “urine”)
    • Hindustani:
      Hindi: जल (jal)
      Urdu: جل
    • Marathi: जल (jal)
    • Nepali: जल (jal)
    • Pali: jala
    • Punjabi:
      Gurmukhi script: ਜਲ (jal)
      Shahmukhi script: جل (jal)
    • Sylheti: ꠎꠟ (zol)
  • Pali: jala
    • → Thai: ชล (chon)
    • → Khmer: ជល (cɔɔl)
  • → Kannada: ಜಲ (jala)
  • → Malayalam: ജലം (jalaṁ)
  • → Tamil: ஜலம் (jalam)
  • → Telugu: జలము (jalamu)
  • → Sinhalese: ජලය (jalaya)

References
  • Monier Williams (1899) “जल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 414/2.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “jarbhárī - jálāṣa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 579
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) “jartaḥ — jalūkā”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 423
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